Ginseng, the Genus Panax (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles Book 15)

Panax Ginseng has been commonly used in indigenous medicine in the Far East for over 5,000 years. Its man-like appearance ensured that it was quickly accepted as a tonic maintaining the body in good health, inducing rejuvenation and retarding ageing. The vast output of modern research suggests uses for this ancient drug in today's medicine.This volume endeavours to present a well referenced review of many aspects of ginseng literature including history, botany, horticulture, tissue culture, chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutics, side effects, quality control, patents and related or substituted species. Cover......Page 1 Front Matter......Page 2 ISBN 9789058230348......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 10 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11 Other volumes in preparation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—IndustrialProfiles......Page 12 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 13 REFERENCES......Page 22 CHAPTER 2. THE GENUS PANAX......Page 25 REFERENCES......Page 32 CHAPTER 3. THE GROWTH AND CULTIVATION OF GINSENG......Page 35 REFERENCES......Page 49 Differentiation of shoots......Page 53 Differentiation of roots......Page 55 Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration......Page 57 Cryopreservation of Ginseng Explants......Page 59 Genetic Transformation of Ginseng......Page 60 Production of Secondary Metabolites by in vitro Culture......Page 61 REFERENCES......Page 63 CHAPTER 5. THE PRINCIPAL ACTIVE CHEMICALS IN PANAX SPECIES......Page 67 1) Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer......Page 69 Red Ginseng......Page 81 Saponins of Panax ginseng Roots......Page 83 Saponins of Panax ginseng Leaves and Aerial Stems......Page 85 Saponins of Panax ginseng Flowers and Buds......Page 86 Saponins of Panax ginseng Fruits......Page 87 2) Panax japonicus C.A.Meyer......Page 88 Saponins of Panax japonicus Rhizomes......Page 89 Saponins of Panax pseudoginseng subsp. japonicus Stems and Leaves......Page 95 3) Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen=P. pseudoginseng Wallich......Page 96 Saponins of Panax pseudoginseng=P. notoginseng=P. himalaicum Stems and Leaves......Page 99 4) Panax quinquefolium L.......Page 101 6) Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.......Page 105 Future Propects......Page 106 Appendix—Chemical Nomenclature of Saponins and Some Other Chemical Substances Reported Occurring in Ginseng Species......Page 107 Other Compounds......Page 116 REFERENCES......Page 117 EARLY USE AS A GENERAL TONIC......Page 129 GINSENG AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE......Page 130 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION AND METABOLISM OF GINSENG SAPONINS......Page 133 STRESS AND ADAPTOGENIC ACTIVITY......Page 136 THE MECHANISM OF STRESS REACTION......Page 137 TEMPERATURE STRESS REACTION......Page 138 PHYSICAL STRESS REACTION......Page 141 STRESS DUE TO DISEASE STATES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES......Page 146 GINSENG, MEMORY AND INTELLECTUAL SKILLS......Page 151 GINSENG AND SLEEP......Page 153 GINSENG AND THE AGEING PROCESS......Page 154 GINSENG AND ALCOHOL......Page 158 GINSENG AND MORPHINE AND RELATED OPIOIDS......Page 159 GINSENG AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 162 GINSENG AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER......Page 163 GINSENG AND TUMOUR GROWTH......Page 169 GINSENG AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 178 GINSENG AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 181 GINSENG AND DIABETES......Page 186 GINSENG AND APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY......Page 191 CONCLUSIONS......Page 192 SUMMARY......Page 193 REFERENCES......Page 194 CHAPTER 7. THE SIDE EFFECTS OF GINSENG ADMINISTRATION......Page 211 REFERENCES......Page 214 CHAPTER 8. THE QUALITY CONTROL OF GINSENG......Page 217 REFERENCES......Page 229 CHAPTER 9. PATENTS......Page 233 CHAPTER 10. OTHER GINSENGS......Page 255 REFERENCES......Page 261 Machine generated contents note: 1 Introduction 1 2 The Genus Panax 13 3 The Growth and Cultivation:of Ginseng 23 4 Tissue Culture of Ginseng 41 E. Cellarov and K. Kimcko 5 The Principal Active Chemicals in Panax Species 55 6 The Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Ginseng 117 7 The Side Effects of Ginseng Administration 199 8 The Quality Control of Ginseng 205 9 Patents 221 10 Other Ginsengs 243. During the 20th century many plants have been investigated in order to assess their potential value as new medicinal agents or as sources of new organic molecules that could be used in contemporary medicine or could act as templates for the synthesis or semi-synthesis of potentially useful therapeutic compounds.