German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938-1945 (Clarendon Paperbacks)

1. Resistance and Exile. 1. The Beck-Goerdeler-von Hassell Group. 2. The Abwehr. 3. The Auswartiges Amt. 4. The Churches. 5. Conspiratorial Circles. 6. Exiles as Auxiliaries. 7. The Socialists in Resistance and Exile. 8. The Communists in Resistance and Exile. 9. Some Concluding Thoughts -- 2. Thinking for the British Empire? 1. Reconnaissances. 2. Missions to Britain (1938). 3. Von Weizsacker and his Lieutenants in a Search for Alternative Policies. 4. The Generals' Plot and the Munich Agreement between the Powers. 5. After Munich: The US State Department and the 'Moderates'. 6. After Munich: Continued Contacts with Britain (1939). 7. Adam von Trott Goes It Alone. 8. The Spectre of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Road to War -- 3. Make a Revolution in Germany for the German People? 1. Fighting the Germans or the Nazis? 2. The Conspiracy Reactivated. 3. 'The Imminent Disaster'. 4. The Vansittart-Theo Kordt Lifeline. 5. The 'Reichenau Incident'. 6. The Venlo Incident. 7. More Negotiations: Group Captain Christie's 'Southern Connection'. 8. Ulrich von Hassell on the Wrong Trail in Switzerland. 9. Agreement within Reach: The Vatican Exchanges. 10. The von Trott Mission to the United States. 11. The Sumner Welles Mission to Europe (February-March 1940). 12. Treason as Patriotic Imperative: Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin and Hans Oster -- 4. Widerstand and the Forging of the Grand Alliance. 1. Winston Churchill and 'Absolute Silence'. 2. Nazi Triumphs and the Widerstand. 3. Ex-Chancellor Joseph Wirth's Folly. 4. Albrecht Haushofer's Peace Plans. 5. The Rigi-Kaltbad Memorandum. 6. The Indomitable Carl Goerdeler. 7. The Atlantic Charter and Abortive American Contacts. 8. Otto Strasser and the Mirage of the New World. 9. The Icy Waters of 'Unconditional Surrender'. 10. Despite Casablanca: Feelers from Russia. The Mission of Peter Kleist and the 'Free Germany' Movement -- 5. Ecumenical Dialogue or 'The War Behind the War'. 1. In Switzerland. 2. In Sweden. 3. With Britain and the United States -- 6. The Vision and the Mirage. 1. The Intelligence Connection: Allen W. Dulles in Berne. 2. Kreisau Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Turkey, Sweden, and Switzerland. 3. Goerdeler Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Sweden. 4. Otto John in Madrid: Between Goerdeler and von Stauffenberg. 5. Contacts with Allied Resistance Movements. 6. Germany West or East? 7. 'Apparently BREAKERS are breaking': 20 July 1944. 8. The Aftermath.;This book traces the many efforts of the German Resistance to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside Germany. The Allied agencies, notably the British Foreign Office and the U.S. State Department, were ill-prepared to deal with the unorthodox approaches of the Widerstand. Ultimately, the Allies' policy of "absolute silence," the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union, and the demand for "unconditional surrender" pushed the war to its final denouement, disregarding the German Resistance. Von Klemperer's scholarly and detailed study uncovers the activities and beliefs of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany. He explores the formation of their policy and analyzes the relations of the Resistance with the Vatican and the ecumenical movement, the intelligence agencies of the Allied powers, and the resistance movements outside Germany. Measured by the conventional standards of diplomacy, the German Resistance to Hitler was a failure. However, von Klemperer shows that many of the principles and strategies of the German Resistance, albeit ignored or overridden by the Allies during wartime, were to find their place in the concerns of international relations in the post-war period. Klemens Von Klemperer's Scholarly And Detailed Study Uncovers The Beliefs And Activities Of Numerous Individuals Who Fought Against Nazism Within Germany, And Traces Their Many Efforts To Forge Alliances With Hitler's Opponents Outside The Third Reich. Measured By Conventional Standards Of Diplomacy, The Foreign Ventures Of The German Resistance Ended In Failure. The Allied Agencies, Notably The British Foreign Office And The Us State Department, Were Ill Prepared To Deal With The Unorthodox Approaches Of The Widerstand. Ultimately, The Allies' Policy Of 'absolute Silence', The Grand Alliance With The Soviet Union, And The Demand For 'unconditional Surrender' Pushed The War To Its Final Denouement, Disregarding The German Resistance. However, Professor Von Klemperer Shows That Many Of The Principles And Strategies Of The Widerstand Had Distinct Moral And Historical Consequences When Considered In Their Context. This Context Includes Changes In The Nature Of International Diplomacy Which Became Evident In The Resisters' Contacts With The Churches, The International Intelligence Community, And The Resistance Movements Outside Germany. All Of These Turned Out To Be Attuned To The Ultimate Concerns Of The German Resistance: Overcoming The Nation-state, The Movement Towards A More United Europe, And Human Rights. The Foreign Policy Of The German Resistance Thus Helped Prepare The Agenda For International Relations In The Post-war World. 1. Resistance And Exile. 1. The Beck-goerdeler-von Hassell Group. 2. The Abwehr. 3. The Auswartiges Amt. 4. The Churches. 5. Conspiratorial Circles. 6. Exiles As Auxiliaries. 7. The Socialists In Resistance And Exile. 8. The Communists In Resistance And Exile. 9. Some Concluding Thoughts -- 2. Thinking For The British Empire? 1. Reconnaissances. 2. Missions To Britain (1938). 3. Von Weizsacker And His Lieutenants In A Search For Alternative Policies. 4. The Generals' Plot And The Munich Agreement Between The Powers. 5. After Munich: The Us State Department And The 'moderates'. 6. After Munich: Continued Contacts With Britain (1939). 7. Adam Von Trott Goes It Alone. 8. The Spectre Of The Nazi-soviet Pact And The Road To War -- 3. Make A Revolution In Germany For The German People? 1. Fighting The Germans Or The Nazis? 2. The Conspiracy Reactivated. 3. 'the Imminent Disaster'. 4. The Vansittart-theo Kordt Lifeline. 5. The 'reichenau Incident'. 6. The Venlo Incident. 7. More Negotiations: Group Captain Christie's 'southern Connection'. 8. Ulrich Von Hassell On The Wrong Trail In Switzerland. 9. Agreement Within Reach: The Vatican Exchanges. 10. The Von Trott Mission To The United States. 11. The Sumner Welles Mission To Europe (february-march 1940). 12. Treason As Patriotic Imperative: Ewald Von Kleist-schmenzin And Hans Oster -- 4. Widerstand And The Forging Of The Grand Alliance. 1. Winston Churchill And 'absolute Silence'. 2. Nazi Triumphs And The Widerstand. 3. Ex-chancellor Joseph Wirth's Folly. 4. Albrecht Haushofer's Peace Plans. 5. The Rigi-kaltbad Memorandum. 6. The Indomitable Carl Goerdeler. 7. The Atlantic Charter And Abortive American Contacts. 8. Otto Strasser And The Mirage Of The New World. 9. The Icy Waters Of 'unconditional Surrender'. 10. Despite Casablanca: Feelers From Russia. The Mission Of Peter Kleist And The 'free Germany' Movement -- 5. Ecumenical Dialogue Or 'the War Behind The War'. 1. In Switzerland. 2. In Sweden. 3. With Britain And The United States -- 6. The Vision And The Mirage. 1. The Intelligence Connection: Allen W. Dulles In Berne. 2. Kreisau Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements And Explorations In Turkey, Sweden, And Switzerland. 3. Goerdeler Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements And Explorations In Sweden. 4. Otto John In Madrid: Between Goerdeler And Von Stauffenberg. 5. Contacts With Allied Resistance Movements. 6. Germany West Or East? 7. 'apparently Breakers Are Breaking': 20 July 1944. 8. The Aftermath. Klemens Von Klemperer. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This Book Traces The Many Efforts Of The German Resistance To Forge Alliances With Hitler's Opponents Outside Germany. The Allied Agencies, Notably The British Foreign Office And The U.s. State Department, Were Ill-prepared To Deal With The Unorthodox Approaches Of The Widerstand. Ultimately, The Allies' Policy Of Absolute Silence, The Grand Alliance With The Soviet Union, And The Demand For Unconditional Surrender Pushed The War To Its Final Denouement, Disregarding The German Resistance. Von Klemperer's Scholarly And Detailed Study Uncovers The Activities And Beliefs Of Numerous Individuals Who Fought Against Nazism Within Germany. He Explores The Formation Of Their Policy And Analyzes The Relations Of The Resistance With The Vatican And The Ecumenical Movement, The Intelligence Agencies Of The Allied Powers, And The Resistance Movements Outside Germany. Measured By The Conventional Standards Of Diplomacy, The German Resistance To Hitler Was A Failure. However, Von Klemperer Shows That Many Of The Principles And Strategies Of The German Resistance, Albeit Ignored Or Overridden By The Allies During Wartime, Were To Find Their Place In The Concerns Of International Relations In The Post-war Period. 1. Resistance And Exile. 1. The Beck-goerdeler-von Hassell Group. 2. The Abwehr. 3. The Auswartiges Amt. 4. The Churches. 5. Conspiratorial Circles. 6. Exiles As Auxiliaries. 7. The Socialists In Resistance And Exile. 8. The Communists In Resistance And Exile. 9. Some Concluding Thoughts -- 2. Thinking For The British Empire? 1. Reconnaissances. 2. Missions To Britain (1938). 3. Von Weizsacker And His Lieutenants In A Search For Alternative Policies. 4. The Generals' Plot And The Munich Agreement Between The Powers. 5. After Munich: The Us State Department And The 'moderates'. 6. After Munich: Continued Contacts With Britain (1939). 7. Adam Von Trott Goes It Alone. 8. The Spectre Of The Nazi-soviet Pact And The Road To War-- 3. Make A Revolution In Germany For The German People? 1. Fighting The Germans Or The Nazis? 2. The Conspiracy Reactivated. 3. 'the Imminent Disaster'. 4. The Vansittart-theo Kordt Lifeline. 5. The 'reichenau Incident'. 6. The Venlo Incident. 7. More Negotiations: Group Captain Christie's 'southern Connection'. 8. Ulrich Von Hassell On The Wrong Trail In Switzerland. 9. Agreement Within Reach: The Vatican Exchanges. 10. The Von Trott Mission To The United States. 11. The Sumner Welles Mission To Europe (february-march 1940). 12. Treason As Patriotic Imperative: Ewald Von Kleist-schmenzin And Hans Oster-- 4. Widerstand And The Forging Of The Grand Alliance. 1. Winston Churchill And 'absolute Silence'. 2. Nazi Triumphs And The Widerstand. 3. Ex-chancellor Joseph Wirth's Folly. 4. Albrecht Haushofer's Peace Plans. 5. The Rigi-kaltbad Memorandum. 6. The Indomitable Carl Goerdeler. 7. The Atlantic Charter And Abortive American Contacts. 8. Otto Strasser And The Mirage Of The New World. 9. The Icy Waters Of 'unconditional Surrender'. 10. Despite Casablanca: Feelers From Russia. The Mission Of Peter Kleist And The 'free Germany' Movement -- 5. Ecumenical Dialogue Or 'the War Behind The War'. 1. In Switzerland. 2. In Sweden. 3. With Britain And The United States-- 6. The Vision And The Mirage. 1. The Intelligence Connection: Allen W. Dulles In Berne. 2. Kreisau Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements And Explorations In Turkey, Sweden, And Switzerland. 3. Goerdeler Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements And Explorations In Sweden. 4. Otto John In Madrid: Between Goerdeler And Von Stauffenberg. 5. Contacts With Allied Resistance Movements. 6. Germany West Or East? 7. 'apparently Breakers Are Breaking': 20 July 1944. 8. The Aftermath. Klemens Von Klemperer. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 442-472) And Index. Contents......Page 12 List of Illustrations......Page 15 Abbreviations......Page 16 Introduction......Page 18 1. The Beck–Goerdeler–von Hassell Group......Page 36 2. The Abwehr......Page 40 3. The Auswärtiges Amt......Page 42 4. The Churches......Page 54 5. Conspiratorial Circles......Page 63 6. Exiles as Auxiliaries......Page 70 7. The Socialists in Resistance and Exile......Page 77 8. The Communists in Resistance and Exile......Page 79 9. Some Concluding Thoughts......Page 81 1. Reconnaissances......Page 99 2. Missions to Britain (1938)......Page 103 3. Von Weizsäcker and his Lieutenants in a Search for Alternative Policies......Page 118 4. The Generals' Plot and the Munich Agreement between the Powers......Page 122 5. After Munich: The US State Department and the 'Moderates'......Page 127 6. After Munich: Continued Contacts with Britain (1939)......Page 129 7. Adam von Trott Goes It Alone......Page 139 8. The Spectre of the Nazi–Soviet Pact and the Road to War......Page 146 1. Fighting the Germans or the Nazis?......Page 171 2. The Conspiracy Reactivated......Page 172 3. 'The Imminent Disaster'......Page 173 4. The Vansittart–Theo Kordt Lifeline......Page 174 5. The 'Reichenau Incident'......Page 175 6. The Venlo Incident......Page 177 7. More Negotiations: Group Captain Christie's 'Southern Connection'......Page 179 8. Ulrich von Hassell on the Wrong Trail in Switzerland......Page 185 9. Agreement within Reach: The Vatican Exchanges......Page 188 10. The von Trott Mission to the United States......Page 197 11. The Sumner Welles Mission to Europe (February–March 1940)......Page 206 12. Treason as Patriotic Imperative: Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin and Hans Oster......Page 209 1. Winston Churchill and 'Absolute Silence'......Page 234 2. Nazi Triumphs and the Widerstand......Page 236 4. Albrecht Haushofer's Peace Plans......Page 238 5. The Rigi-Kaltbad Memorandum......Page 242 6. The Indomitable Carl Goerdeler......Page 243 7. The Atlantic Charter and Abortive American Contacts......Page 246 8. Otto Strasser and the Mirage of the New World......Page 251 9. The Icy Waters of 'Unconditional Surrender'......Page 254 10. Despite Casablanca: Feelers from Russia. The Mission of Peter Kleist and the 'Free Germany' Movement......Page 269 1. In Switzerland......Page 289 2. In Sweden......Page 306 3. With Britain and the United States......Page 318 1. The Intelligence Connection......Page 340 2. Kreisau Initiatives 1943–1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Turkey, Sweden, and Switzerland......Page 352 3. Goerdeler Initiatives 1943–1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Sweden......Page 365 4. Otto John in Madrid: Between Goerdeler and von Stauffenberg......Page 374 5. Contacts with Allied Resistance Movements......Page 377 6. Germany West or East?......Page 393 7. 'Apparently BREAKERS are breaking': 20 July 1944......Page 400 8. The Aftermath......Page 410 Conclusion......Page 457 Bibliography......Page 467 B......Page 498 C......Page 500 E......Page 501 G......Page 502 H......Page 503 I......Page 504 L......Page 505 M......Page 506 P......Page 507 S......Page 508 T......Page 510 W......Page 511 Z......Page 512 This book traces the many efforts of the German Resistance to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside Germany. The Allied agencies, notably the British Foreign Office and the US State Department, were ill prepared to deal with the unorthodox approaches of the Widerstand. Ultimately, the Allies'policy of `absolute silence', the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union, and the demand for `unconditional surrender'pushed the war to its final denouement, disregarding the German Resistance. Klemens von Klemperer's scholarly and detailed study uncovers the activities and beliefs of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany. He explores the formation of their policy and analyses the relations of the Resistance with the intelligence agencies of the Allied powers. Measured by the conventional standards of diplomacy, the German Resistance to Hitler was a failure. However, Professor von Klemperer shows that many of the principles and strategies of the German Resistance, albeit ignored or overridden by the Allies during wartime, were to find their place in the concerns of international relations in the post-war world. Klemens von Klemperer's scholarly and detailed study uncovers the beliefs and activities of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany, and traces their many efforts to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside the Third Reich. - ;Klemens von Klemperer's scholarly and detailed study uncovers the beliefs and activities of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany, and traces their many efforts to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside the Third Reich. Measured by conventional standards of diplomacy, the foreign ventures of the German Resista Klemens von Klemperer traces the many efforts of the German Resistance to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside Germany. He uncovers the activities and beliefs of individual members, the formation of Resistance policies, their relations with the intelligence agencies of the Allied powers, and finally assesses the Resistance's influence on the agenda of post-war international relations.