German Philanthropy in Transatlantic Perspective: Perceptions, Exchanges and Transfers since the Early Twentieth Century (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)

"This volume examines philanthropic practices against the backdrop of the continuities, disruptions and changes in twentieth century German socio-political relations. It presents a differentiated understanding of the relationship between philanthropy and civil society that traces this connection from Germany's first democracy, the Weimar Republic, through the Nazi dictatorship and Soviet-style rule in Communist East Germany to the stable democracy of the Federal Republic of Germany. While concentrating on Germany, this volume places German philanthropy in a triangular relationship with the United States and the developing world, primarily through Africa. In particular, the contributions to the book demonstrate that despite many transatlantic exchanges between German and American philanthropic organizations, these relationships should not be reduced to bilateral exchanges but rather seen in the context of a globalizing world. More generally, this transnational study is a reminder that philanthropic activities need to be placed into their specific historical contexts. Such an analytical framework allows for more dynamic understanding of the meaning of philanthropy in society, illustrating both enduring and changing practices"- - Springer Dedication 5 Contents 6 Contributors 8 About the Editors 9 Chapter 1: German Philanthropy in International and Transnational Perspective 10 Defining Philanthropy 11 Philanthropy in German History 12 State of the Field 16 Organization 17 Philanthropy: Theory and History 18 Philanthropy and Civil Society 19 Philanthropy in Transatlantic Perspective 21 Philanthropy in Divided Germany 22 International and Transnational German Philanthropy 23 Conclusion 25 References 25 Part I: Philanthropy: Theory and Comparison 30 Chapter 2: Foundations in Germany and the USA: Comparative Observations 31 US Definitions and Foundation Types 33 European Definitional Approach and Typologies 35 Competing Paradigms? 37 Roles and Functions 39 Foundation Roles in Germany 40 Foundation Roles in the American Context 42 Comparing Foundation Roles 43 Conclusion 44 References 46 Chapter 3: Philanthropic Giving: Reasons and Constellations 48 Philanthropic Action: Empathy and Sympathy 48 Philanthropic Action: Altruism, Normative and Utilitarian Approaches 50 Philanthropic Action: An Interactionist Theory of Giving 52 Social, Historical and Cultural Constellations of Philanthropy: Institutions and Organizations 53 The State, Civil Society and Religion 54 State Activity, Elites and Philanthropic Foundations 56 Conclusion 58 References 59 Part II: German Philanthropy in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Dictatorship 62 Chapter 4: Philanthropy, Race, and Religion: The Gustav Adolf Association and National Socialism 63 Rescuing the Protestant Diaspora 64 An Earth-Shaking Tragedy 66 A Political Theology of Philanthropy 68 The Road to Königsberg 71 Conclusion 77 References 77 Chapter 5: Transnational Asymmetries: US Philanthropic Foundations and the German School of Politics in the 1920s and 1930s 81 The German College of Politics: Private Initiative and Public Action 82 Transatlantic Asymmetries: US Philanthropic Foundations in the Weimar Republic 86 American Philanthropy and the Nazi Seizure of Power 91 Conclusion 93 References 95 Part III: German Philanthropy in Transatlantic Perspective 100 Chapter 6: Reintegrating Germany into the Atlantic Community: The Role of the Big American Foundations 101 Foundations’ Relationship with State and Society 104 Foundation Involvement in Intellectual Pursuits Following World War II 106 Conclusion 112 References 114 Chapter 7: “America” as an Argument: References to US Foundations in Debates About Scientific Funding in West Germany from 1945 to the mid-1970s 117 The Emergence of Transatlantic Philanthropy: Social and Academic Ventures in Imperial and Weimar Germany 119 Promoting Democracy: The Activities of American Foundations in Postwar West Germany 123 Model Erosion: Mounting Pressure on Foundations in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s 128 American Foundations and West German Agendas: Reform Debates in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s and Early 1970s 132 Conclusion: Cross-Over Relations and the Persistence of a Transatlantic Gulf in Scientific Funding 137 References 140 Chapter 8: Reinhold Schairer and the Revival of the German Philanthropic Tradition from Weimar to the Federal Republic 146 Reinhold Schairer and the German Student Cooperative Movement 148 Schairer and the Rockefeller Foundation 151 Conclusion 154 References 155 Part IV: Philanthropy in Divided Germany 157 Chapter 9: Charitable Giving Between the State and the Market: West Germany from 1945 to the 1980s 158 Changes in the Charitable Marketplace 159 The Role of the State 163 The Media’s Influence on the Charitable Market 165 Conclusion 167 References 167 Chapter 10: From Restructuring to Dissolution to Rebuilding? Endowments and Foundations in East Germany 171 The Time of Uncertainty (1945–1952) 173 A Society Without Philanthropy? 176 A New Beginning in the 1980s? 181 Conclusion 183 References 184 Part V: International and Transnational German Philanthropy 187 Chapter 11: “Germans Against Germans in Africa”: East German Philanthropic Aid in the Context of the Cold War 188 Communist Collections 189 Church Collections 194 Grass Roots Efforts 197 Conclusion 200 References 200 Chapter 12: The Biafra Crisis and the Establishment of Humanitarian Aid in West Germany as a New Philanthropic Field 203 The Nigerian Civil War and the Biafra Awareness in West Germany 204 The Biafra Relief in Context: From Disaster Relief to Humanitarian Aid 213 Conclusion 217 References 219 Chapter 13: Contemporary German MONGOs in Diani, Kenya: Two Approaches to Humanitarian Aid 224 German Humanitarian Aid to Africa 225 German Humanitarians in Kenya 227 Evaluating the Work of Humanitarians 231 Relationship to the Kenyan State 232 Kenyan Economy 233 Knowledge of Local Context 233 Relationship to Larger Community 234 Sustainability 236 Conclusion 236 References 238 Index 241 Front Matter....Pages i-xi German Philanthropy in International and Transnational Perspective....Pages 1-20 Front Matter....Pages 21-21 Foundations in Germany and the USA: Comparative Observations....Pages 23-39 Philanthropic Giving: Reasons and Constellations....Pages 41-54 Front Matter....Pages 55-55 Philanthropy, Race, and Religion: The Gustav Adolf Association and National Socialism....Pages 57-74 Transnational Asymmetries: US Philanthropic Foundations and the German School of Politics in the 1920s and 1930s....Pages 75-93 Front Matter....Pages 95-95 Reintegrating Germany into the Atlantic Community: The Role of the Big American Foundations....Pages 97-112 “America” as an Argument: References to US Foundations in Debates About Scientific Funding in West Germany from 1945 to the mid-1970s....Pages 113-141 Reinhold Schairer and the Revival of the German Philanthropic Tradition from Weimar to the Federal Republic....Pages 143-153 Front Matter....Pages 155-155 Charitable Giving Between the State and the Market: West Germany from 1945 to the 1980s....Pages 157-169 From Restructuring to Dissolution to Rebuilding? Endowments and Foundations in East Germany....Pages 171-186 Front Matter....Pages 187-187 “Germans Against Germans in Africa”: East German Philanthropic Aid in the Context of the Cold War....Pages 189-203 The Biafra Crisis and the Establishment of Humanitarian Aid in West Germany as a New Philanthropic Field....Pages 205-225 Contemporary German MONGOs in Diani, Kenya: Two Approaches to Humanitarian Aid....Pages 227-243 Back Matter....Pages 245-250