Geothermal, Wind and Solar Energy Applications in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Sustainable Energy Developments)

"The agri-food chain consumes about one third of the world's energy production with about 12% of it for crop production and nearly 80% for processing, distribution, retail, preparation and cooking. The agri-food chain also accounts for 80-90% of total global freshwater use where 70% alone is for irrigation. Additionally, on a global scale, freshwater production consumes nearly 15% of the entire energy production. It can therefore be argued that making agriculture and the agri-food supply chain independent from fossil fuel use has a huge potential to contribute to global food security and climate protection not only for the next decades but also for the coming century. Provision of secure, accessible and environmentally sustainable supplies of water, energy and food must thus be a priority. One of the major objectives of the world's scientists, farmers, decisions makers and industrialists is to overcome the present dependence on fossil fuels in the agro-food sector. This dependency increases the volatility of food prices and affects economic access to sustenance. This book provides a critical review of recent developments in solar, wind and geothermal energy applications in agriculture and the agro-food sector such as processing, distribution, retail, preparation and cooking."--Provided by publisher 4.4.1.5 Goal 8 Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all -- 4.4.1.6 Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation -- 4.4.1.7 Goal 11 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable -- 4.4.1.8 Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns -- 4.4.1.9 Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts -- 4.4.1.10 Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources -- 4.4.1.11 Goal 15 Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss -- 4.5 Conclusions and future work -- 4.5.1 Conclusions -- 4.5.2 Future work -- CHAPTER5. Renewable energy use and potential in remote central Australia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Renewable energy supply: state and trends in remote Australia -- 5.2.1 Current state of energy use in remote Australia -- 5.2.2 Potential and opportunities for solar energy supply -- 5.2.2.1 Location -- 5.2.2.2 Community needs -- 5.2.2.3 Potential applications of renewable energy in agriculture in remote communities -- 5.2.2.4 Cost of solar technology -- 5.2.2.5 Increasing solar energy supply penetration -- 5.2.2.6 Growth in experience and capacity -- 5.2.2.7 Storage and integration -- 5.2.3 Challenges for solar energy supply -- 5.3 Case studies from inland remote Australia -- 5.3.1 Description of Alice Springs and Lajamanu -- 5.3.2 Current state of energy supply mix in case studies -- 5.3.3 Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy in the case study locations -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusion -- CHAPTER6. Opportunities of adopting renewable energy for the nursery industry in Australia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Energy use in nursery -- 6.2.1 Energy audits and assessments 6.2.2 Case studies of nursery energy use in Australia -- 6.3 Opportunities of adopting alternative energy sources -- 6.3.1 Opportunities of adopting solar energy -- 6.3.2 Opportunities of adopting wind energy -- 6.3.3 Opportunities of adopting bioenergy -- 6.4 Development of online calculator for alternative energy sources -- 6.5 Case studies -- 6.5.1 Solar energy generation -- 6.5.2 Wind energy generation -- 6.6 Conclusion -- CHAPTER7. Fundamentals of solar energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Solar energy resources and potentials -- 7.1.2 Solar radiation and maps -- 7.2 Photovoltaic effect - principle and operating mechanism of solar cells -- 7.2.1 History of photovoltaic effect discovery and PV-cell development -- 7.2.1.1 First generation silicon-based solar cells -- 7.2.1.2 Second generation solar cells -- 7.2.1.3 Third generation solar cell -- 7.2.2 Main characteristics of solar cells -- 7.3 System design: PV direct, grid-tied, stand-alone, grid-tied with battery backup, solar thermal - PVT -- 7.3.1 On-grid and off-grid systems and their applications -- 7.3.2 PVT systems and their application -- 7.4 Storage: batteries, capacitors and supercapacitors, operation principle, new development (graphen etc -- 7.4.1 Batteries -- 7.4.1.1 Primary batteries -- 7.4.1.2 Secondary (rechargeable) batteries -- 7.4.2 Capacitors and supercapacitors -- 7.4.2.1 Supercapacitor construction -- 7.4.2.2 Supercapacitor vs. other energy storage devices -- CHAPTER8. Renewable energy technologies for greenhouses in semi-arid climates -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Greenhouses in semi-arid climates -- 8.3 Overview of energy demands in greenhouses -- 8.3.1 Greenhouse heating and cooling loads -- 8.3.2 Greenhouse electricity requirements -- 8.4 Renewable energies applicable to greenhouses -- 8.4.1 Wind energy Cover -- Half title -- Series Editor -- Title -- Copyright -- About the book series -- Editorial board -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword by Alessandro Flammini -- Editor's preface -- About the editors -- CHAPTER1. Solar, wind and geothermal energy applications in agriculture:back to the future? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy demands in agriculture -- 1.2.1 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.2.2 The energy management process -- 1.3 The water-energy-food-climate nexus -- 1.4 Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of agriculture -- 1.4.1 Sources of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture -- 1.4.2 Overview of global agricultural emissions -- 1.4.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA -- 1.4.4 Comparison of environmental impact of different foods -- 1.5 Merging renewables with agriculture: The sustainability approach -- 1.5.1 Solar photovoltaic energy applications -- 1.5.1.1 Water pumping -- 1.5.2 Solar and geothermal direct heat applications -- 1.5.2.1 Heating/cooling of spaces, buildings, soil and water -- 1.5.2.2 Drying of crops, fruits, grains and animal products -- 1.5.2.3 Heating of greenhouses -- 1.5.3 Wind power applications -- 1.5.4 Multi-use of agricultural land for food and electric power production -- 1.5.5 Agriculture within the cascade system of geothermal direct heat utilization -- 1.5.6 Renewables for water desalination and food security: decoupling freshwater production from fossil fuel supply -- 1.5.7 Geothermal and solar greenhouse heating/cooling, ventilation, humidification, desalination -- 1.5.7.1 Solar and geothermal based greenhouse development -- 1.5.7.2 Closed seawater greenhouses for meeting water, energy and food security -- 1.5.8 The present market of renewable energy technologies -- 1.6 Conclusions 3.2 Multiple benefits from urban and peri-urban agriculture actions -- 3.2.1 UPA and food and nutrition benefits -- 3.2.2 UPA and women's empowerment -- 3.2.3 UPA and environmental benefits -- 3.2.3.1 UPA and carbon footprint mitigation -- 3.2.3.2 UPA and sustainable water systems -- 3.3 Urban agriculture: examples from South America -- 3.3.1 UPA in Ecuador -- 3.3.1.1 Participative urban agriculture in Quito, Ecuador -- 3.3.1.2 WFP urban agriculture initiatives in Ecuador -- 3.3.2 Innovative UPA practices in Colombia -- 3.3.2.1 UPA powered by renewable energy in La Guajira, Colombia -- 3.4 Shaping the food and nutrition security agenda -- CHAPTER4. Renewable energy use for aquaponics development on a global scale towards sustainable food production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aquaponics technology -- 4.2.1 Simple recirculating units -- 4.2.2 Modern RAS and hydroponics -- 4.2.3 Resource intensity -- 4.2.4 Integrated multi-trophic approach -- 4.3 Aquaponics as a sustainable food production method -- 4.3.1 Types of products -- 4.3.1.1 Fish -- 4.3.1.2 Terrestrial plants -- 4.3.1.3 Other species -- 4.3.2 Control and safety -- 4.3.3 Efficient use of resources -- 4.3.3.1 Renewable energy sources -- 4.3.3.2 Energy efficiency and waste streams -- 4.3.3.3 Savings through well-designed integration -- 4.4 Connection to UN Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 -- 4.4.1 UN Sustainable Development Goals -- 4.4.1.1 Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture -- 4.4.1.2 Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages -- 4.4.1.3 Goal 6 Ensure access to water and sanitation for all -- 4.4.1.4 Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all CHAPTER2. Agriculture sector modernization and renewable energy development: perspectives from developing countries -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Challenges to renewable energy development -- 2.1.2 Opportunities for renewable energy in developing countries and countries with economies in transition -- 2.2 The role of the Global Environment Facility -- 2.2.1 The GEF's renewable energy and energy-efficiency strategies -- 2.2.2 The GEF's renewable energy portfolio -- 2.2.3 The GEF's renewable energy portfolio and the modernization of agriculture -- 2.3 Biomass energy -- 2.3.1 Case study: Thailand - biomass co-generation -- 2.3.2 Case study: India - biomass gasification -- 2.3.3 Case study: Latvia - biomass combustion -- 2.4 Combined renewable energy technologies -- 2.4.1 Case study: India - combined renewable energy technologies -- 2.5 Geothermal energy -- 2.5.1 Case study: The Philippines - geothermal power -- 2.6 Small hydropower -- 2.6.1 Case study: Indonesia - small hydropower -- 2.7 Off-grid solar photovoltaic -- 2.7.1 Case study: India - off-grid photovoltaic -- 2.8 On-grid solar photovoltaic -- 2.8.1 Case study: Philippines - on-grid photovoltaic -- 2.9 Solar thermal heating -- 2.9.1 Case study: Tunisia - solar water heating -- 2.10 Solar thermal power -- 2.10.1 Case study: Egypt - solar thermal power -- 2.10.2 Case study Morocco - concentrating solar power -- 2.11 Wind power -- 2.11.1 Case study: China - wind power -- 2.11.2 Case study: Mexico - wind power -- 2.12 Summary and conclusions -- CHAPTER3. Linking food and nutrition security, urban and peri-urban agriculture, and sustainable energy use: experiences from South America -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The global food and nutrition security context