Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production

Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers focuses on the applications of geophysics in addressing petroleum engineering problems. It explores the complementary features of geophysical techniques in better understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring reservoirs.This book introduces engineers to geophysical methods so that they can communicate with geophysicist colleagues and appreciate the benefits of their work. These chapters describe fundamentals of geophysical techniques, their physical bases, their applications and limitations, as well as possible pitfalls in their misuse. Case study examples illustrate the integration of geophysical data with various other data types for predicting and describing reservoir rocks and fluid properties. The examples come from all over the world, with several case histories from the fields in the Middle East. Introduces geophysical methods to engineers Helps understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring of geophysical techniques Updates the changing needs of reservoir engineering Foreword Preface Series Editor's Preface Summary Introduction Petroleum Geology Petroleum geophysics Petrophysics Geostatistics Reservoir Characterization Reservoir Monitoring Geophysics in Drilling Geophysics for Unconventional Resources Introduction Purpose of the Book Geoscience Disciplines Geosciences in Petroleum Engineering Geoengineering Concept Petroleum Geophysics Geophysical Tools and Techniques Integration of Disciplines Continuous Measurements in Intelligent Field Petroleum Geology Formation Evaluation—Petrophysics Geostatistics Reservoir Characterization Reservoir Monitoring Geophysics in Drilling Geophysics for Unconventional Resources References Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology Introduction Formation of Organic Matter Origin of Petroleum Occurrence of Petroleum Systems Sedimentation and Deformation Process Geologic Times Petroleum Reservoirs Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Clastic Sediments Chemical Sediments Source Rocks Petroleum Traps Anticline Trap Fault Trap Salt Dome Traps Stratigraphic Traps Traps Associated with Fracture Networks Reservoir Rocks The Role of a Geologist The Role of Geophysics Exploration and Appraisal Wells References Fundamentals of Petroleum Geophysics Introduction Geophysical Techniques Inversion of Geophysical Data Seismic Reflection Technique Compressional Waves (P-Waves) Shear Waves (S-waves) Rock Physics Seismic Wave Propagation and Attenuation Seismic Data Acquisition Land Acquisition Marine Acquisition Seismic Data Processing Seismic Data Interpretation Seismic Resolution Seismic Modeling Seismic Attributes Spectral Decomposition Absorption Similarity/Coherency/Curvature Amplitude Variations with Offset AVO Classification Standards Multicomponent Seismic Technique Offshore Norway Multicomponent Survey Canada Heavy Oil Multicomponent Survey Vertical Seismic Profile Crosswell Seismic Gravity Techniques Magnetic Technique Electrical and EM Surveys Crosswell EM References Formation Evaluation Introduction Mud Logs Wireline Logs MWD/LWD Logs Who Uses Well Logs? What Is Desired Versus What Is Measured Uses of Well Logs Well Logging Tools Porosity Tools Resistivity (Conductivity) Tools Acoustic (Sonic) Tools Density Tools Neutron Porosity Tools Lithology Tools Natural Gamma Ray Logs Spontaneous Potential Photoelectric Factor Saturation Tools Electrode Tools Microelectrode Tools Induction Resistivity Coil Tools Antenna (Dielectric) Tools NMR Tools NMR Logging Saturation Salinity (Rw) Tools Borehole Imaging Tools Acoustic Borehole Imagers Microresistivity Scanners Pulsed Neutron Capture Geochemical Logs References Geostatistics and Other Unconventional Statistical Methods Overview Conventional Geostatistical Methods Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis Stochastic (Monte Carlo) Simulation Conditional Simulation and Sequential Gaussian Conditional Simulation Workflow-Flow Diagram Unconventional Statistical Methods Artificial Neural Networks Training/Learning Fuzzy Logic Permeability Prediction from Logs Genetic Algorithms Reproduction Workflow of a GA Integration of SC Methods with Each Other and Conventional Geostatistical Methods References Reservoir Characterization Introduction Overview SURE Challenge Integration of the Disciplines Geophysics in Reservoir Characterization Reservoir Characterization: The Key to Reservoir Management Scales of Reservoir Description Role of Seismic Data in Reservoir Characterization Geomechanical Properties Characterization Seismic Data and Geostatistics Introduction and Evolution of Seismic Attribute A Case History to Illustrate Reservoir Characterization Geologic Setting of Lobo Field Methodology Results and Conclusions Geophysics in Reserves Estimation Original Hydrocarbon in Place Proven Reserves Unproven Reserves Probable Reserves Possible Reserves Unconventional Resource Assessment References Reservoir Monitoring Summary Time-Lapse Geophysics 4D Seismic Evolution of 4D Seismic Monitoring 4D Seismic Technique Challenges in Linking Time Lapse Feasibility Study of 4D Project Gravity Data for Fluid Monitoring Gravity Method for EOR Monitoring Monitoring CO2 Sequestration and EOR Monitoring A 4D Seismic Case History from Ghawar Oil Field Seismic Monitoring Challenge in Arab-D Feasibility Study Methodology Petroacoustic Modeling Seismic Forward Modeling Permanent Reservoir Monitoring References Geophysics in Drilling Seismic Delineation of Structural Disruptions: Faults, Fractures, and Sinkholes Highly Porous Formations Mechanically Weak Rock Layers Subsurface Caverns Geophysical Prediction of Overpressured Zones Shallow Gas and Shallow Overpressure Deep Geopressure Construction Hazards Hazards in Marine Environment Looking ``Ahead ́ ́ and ``Away ́ ́ from the Bit Horizontal Drilling and Geosteering Geosteering in Wells Gulf Geosteering Case Study SWD/MWD/LWD Tools Seismic While Drilling Real-Time Monitoring of Drilling Process Looking Ahead and Around a Horizontal Well Looking Above and Below a Horizontal Well References Geophysics for Unconventional Resources Introduction Geophysical Data Contribution to Unconventional Reservoirs Rock Properties for Unconventional Resource Development Seismic Inversion for Rock Properties Amplitude Variation with Angle and aZimuth Seismic Anisotropy for Fracture Detection Microseismic and Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring Microseismic Monitoring Case Study Integration of Geophysical Tools for Unconventional Resources Development Calculating Stimulated Reservoir Volume Based on Deformation Integrated Approach for Fracture Zone Characterization Quantifying the Risks Associated with Induced Seismicity References Index

Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers focuses on the applications of geophysics in addressing petroleum engineering problems. It explores the complementary features of geophysical techniques in better understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring reservoirs.

This book introduces engineers to geophysical methods so that they can communicate with geophysicist colleagues and appreciate the benefits of their work. These chapters describe fundamentals of geophysical techniques, their physical bases, their applications and limitations, as well as possible pitfalls in their misuse. Case study examples illustrate the integration of geophysical data with various other data types for predicting and describing reservoir rocks and fluid properties. The examples come from all over the world, with several case histories from the fields in the Middle East.

• Introduces geophysical methods to engineers
• Helps understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring of geophysical techniques
• Updates the changing needs of reservoir engineering

Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers focuses on the applications of geophysics in addressing petroleum engineering problems. It explores the complementary features of geophysical techniques in better understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring reservoirs. This book introduces engineers to geophysical methods so that they can communicate with geophysicist colleagues and appreciate the benefits of their work. These chapters describe fundamentals of geophysical techniques, their physical bases, their applications and limitations, as well as possible pitfalls in their misuse. Case study examples illustrate the integration of geophysical data with various other data types for predicting and describing reservoir rocks and fluid properties. The examples come from all over the world, with several case histories from the fields in the Middle East. Introduces geophysical methods to engineersHelps understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring of geophysical techniques. Updates the changing needs of reservoir engineering Focuses on the applications of geophysics in addressing petroleum engineering problems. This book explores the complementary features of geophysical techniques in better understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring reservoirs.