چرخۀ کربن و دی‌اکسید کربن جوی: تغییرات طبیعی از آرکئن تا کنون، جلد ۳۲

Geophysical Monograph Series Including......Page 1 The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2:Natural Variations Archean to Present......Page 3 CONTENTS......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9 INTRODUCTION THE SCIENTIFIC HISTORY OF CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 10 Reference......Page 13 Introduction......Page 14 Fossil Fuel Resources......Page 15 The Atmosphere......Page 18 Air-Sea Exchange......Page 20 Ocean Mixing......Page 22 Biological processes......Page 26 Weathering and Sedimentation......Page 32 River Fluxes......Page 35 Carrbonate Burial......Page 39 Eigenanalysis......Page 40 Theory......Page 43 Application......Page 45 Conclusions......Page 52 References......Page 53 Introduction......Page 69 Methane Budget Revisions......Page 70 Discussion......Page 73 References......Page 76 1. Introduction......Page 78 2. An Energy Balance Model With Reservoirsfor Air, Sea and Land......Page 79 3. Radiation Parameterizations......Page 80 4. Results for Steady State Models as aFunction of CO2 Concentration......Page 83 5. Conclusions......Page 84 References......Page 85 The Model......Page 86 Results......Page 88 Discussion......Page 91 References......Page 94 Introduction......Page 96 The Marine Carbon Cycle......Page 97 Time Dependent COP Model Description and Solutions......Page 99 Solutions: Time Scale of the Response of Oxygen Profiles......Page 101 Conclusions......Page 104 References......Page 105 Introduction......Page 106 Carbon Pump Types, Efficiencies and Strengths......Page 107 Analysis of Models......Page 110 Analysis of the Present Ocean State......Page 112 Discussion......Page 114 Appendix: Model Calculations......Page 115 References......Page 116 Introduction......Page 118 Corals as Integrators of SST......Page 119 Methods......Page 121 Intrannual 6?O Results:Central and Eastern Tropical Pacific......Page 122 Thirty-Year Subannual $1 80 Record at Fanning Island......Page 123 Interannual 6 ? 80 Results:Eastern Tropical Pacific......Page 124 Discussion......Page 125 References......Page 127 Introduction......Page 130 Method......Page 131 Results......Page 134 Conclusions......Page 136 References......Page 137 Introduction......Page 139 The Experimental Method......Page 140 Trapping of Air in Natural Ice......Page 141 Interaction Between the Air in the Bubbles and the Surrounding Ice......Page 142 Data......Page 143 Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 147 References......Page 148 Methods and Results......Page 150 Age Differences Among Planktonic Fractions......Page 152 Age Difference Between Benthic and Planktonic Fractions......Page 157 Conclusions......Page 158 References......Page 159 1. Introduction......Page 161 2. Models for Oceanic Carbon......Page 162 3. Chemistry of the Glacial Ocean......Page 165 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 166 References......Page 168 Introduction......Page 170 The Idealized Model Equations......Page 172 A Model Solution For The Present Ocean......Page 177 The Ice Age Ocean And Atmosphere......Page 182 Discussion: What Is fhd ?......Page 183 Appendix......Page 186 References......Page 189 Introduction......Page 192 The Model......Page 193 The Standard Case......Page 194 Different Steady States......Page 196 Time-Dependent Calculations......Page 197 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 199 References......Page 200 Introduction......Page 202 Glacial/Interglacial Variation in Mineralogy andLtthology: Correlation and Timing......Page 203 The Deglaciation in Cores 34 and 54......Page 207 Discussion......Page 209 Conclusions......Page 212 References......Page 213 Introduction......Page 215 Post-Termination Dissolutionand Reef Hypothesis......Page 216 Model Assumptions and Input......Page 217 Modifications to Previous Models......Page 218 Box Core ERDC 141......Page 220 Results:Radiocarbon and Percent CaC3O Stratigraphy......Page 221 Reef Growth and pC2O of the Atmosphere......Page 223 Discussion......Page 224 References......Page 225 Introduction......Page 227 Carbon Cycle Models......Page 228 Results of Sensitivity Studies......Page 230 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 234 References......Page 238 Introduction......Page 240 Approach......Page 241 Mid-Holocene 4000-8000 Years B.P.......Page 248 Discussion......Page 250 References......Page 252 Introduction......Page 256 Late Pleistocene Preservation Patterns......Page 258 Spectrum of the Dissolution Record......Page 263 Carbonate Preservation and Rates of Changein the Climate System......Page 266 Discussion......Page 268 References......Page 271 Study Area......Page 275 Last 170,000 Years......Page 277 Interpretation of Results for theLast 170,000 Years......Page 281 References......Page 285 Strategy......Page 289 Analytical Methods......Page 294 Late Holocene Present to 7,000 years B.P.......Page 295 Early Stage 3 45,000 to 60,000 years B.P.......Page 296 Stage 4 64,00.0 to 75,000 years B.P.......Page 297 Early Stage 5 115,000 to 125,000 years B.P.......Page 298 Discussion......Page 299 Appendix......Page 302 References......Page 304 Introduction......Page 306 Analytical Methods......Page 307 Time Series Development......Page 311 The Deep-Water 13C Record......Page 313 The Surface Water 13C Record......Page 314 The Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record......Page 315 References......Page 319 Introduction......Page 321 Chronology......Page 322 Results......Page 323 Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysisof Carbon Isotope Records......Page 324 Conclusions......Page 328 References......Page 329 Introduction......Page 331 The Holocene Signal......Page 333 The Late Pleistocene Signal of the Last 150,000 Years......Page 335 References......Page 341 Geological Setting of the Materials Studied......Page 344 Field and Laboratory Experimental Methods......Page 345 Carbon Isotope Shifts in Coral Reefs on Variable Time Scales......Page 348 A Model of Organic Carbon Productionand Consumption by Coral Reefs......Page 350 Estimates of Coral Reef Productivity at Sialum......Page 351 Organic Productivity Effects On &3C......Page 352 Discussion......Page 353 Summary......Page 354 References......Page 355 Introduction......Page 357 Paleocene and Eocene Forests......Page 361 Oligocene and Neogene Forests......Page 366 Neogene Low-Biomass Vegetation......Page 371 References......Page 372 Qualitative Changes: Paleogene......Page 376 Preliminary Carbon Estimates for the Early Miocene Vegetation......Page 379 Quaternary Fluctuations of Ecosystems......Page 380 Modern Estimates......Page 382 Ca 6000 Years B.P.: Ranges ofCarbon Per Unit Area......Page 385 Holocene Plant Carbon Totals......Page 389 Further Discussion and Prospects......Page 390 References......Page 393 Introduction......Page 396 Present-Day Overall Geochemical Cycle......Page 397 Pyrite Reservoir......Page 398 Weathering Rate Laws......Page 399 Fluxes Due to Volcanic-Sea water Reaction......Page 400 Isotope Data and Fluxes of Carbon and Sulfur......Page 401 General Kinetic Equations and Operation of the Model......Page 403 Results and Discussion......Page 405 References......Page 409 The Global Organic Carbon Reservoir......Page 411 Implications of Within-Ocean 13C V ariations......Page 414 References......Page 415 Introduction......Page 417 Charcoal Flux......Page 419 Analytical Methods......Page 420 Observations......Page 421 Discussion......Page 430 Conclusion......Page 438 References......Page 439 Introduction......Page 441 Results......Page 442 Causes of High-Frequency Carbonate Fluctuations:A Mass Accumulation Rat..'e A. pproach......Page 445 Causes of Major C hange in Carbonate Accumulation at Site 572: Regional Versus Local Processes......Page 448 Conclusions......Page 450 References......Page 451 The Mid-Miocene Oxygen Shift......Page 453 Hypothesis......Page 455 The Isotope Record of DSDP Site 216......Page 456 Time Scale and Correlation Analysis......Page 457 The Monterey Formation......Page 459 Correlation of Site 216 withthe Monterey Formation......Page 460 Estimates of Carbon Buildup......Page 462 Conclusions......Page 463 References......Page 464 Introduction......Page 467 Methods and Samples......Page 473 Results......Page 474 Glacio-eustasy and the $18C Record......Page 479 Other Proxy Indicators of Sea level......Page 480 Conclusions......Page 481 Referenoes......Page 482 Carbon Isotope Fractionation......Page 485 A "Strangelove" Ocean......Page 487 References......Page 489 Deccan Traps Volcanism......Page 491 Deccan Traps-Mantle Plume Connection......Page 492 Trans-K-T Carbon Cycle Perturbation......Page 493 Biological Perturbation-Dead Sea Linkageto Deccan Traps Degassing......Page 494 The Trans-K-T Marine Extinctions......Page 496 Trans-K-T Global Warming and Terrestrial Extinctions......Page 497 K-T Boundary Iridium......Page 498 References......Page 499 Introduction......Page 502 Estimates of Cretaceous Volcanism......Page 503 The Modern Baseline......Page 508 Calcium Carbonate Burial Rates, Mineralogy,Oceanic TCO2 and the CCD......Page 516 Discussion: Additional Effects......Page 520 References......Page 522 Introduction......Page 528 Progressive Lithostratigraphic Changes......Page 529 An Oceanographic Interpretation......Page 532 Biostratigraphy and M agnetostratigraphy......Page 534 A Diagenetic or an Oceanographic Signal?......Page 535 Fluctuations in the Barremian C Isotope Record......Page 536 The C Isotope Event in the Aptian......Page 539 Summary......Page 540 References......Page 541 Climate Model Description......Page 543 Warm Cretaceous Climate:Is Geography the Solution?......Page 544 Cretaceous CO2 Climate Sensitivity......Page 546 Implications for Geochemical Models......Page 548 References......Page 549 Introduction......Page 551 Model Experiments......Page 552 Results......Page 553 References......Page 555 Introduction......Page 557 The Model......Page 558 Carbon,Sulfur? and strontium Stable Isotope Megacycles......Page 559 Tectonic Trends......Page 561 Marine Biogeochemical Precipitates......Page 563 Carbon Dioxide Levels......Page 565 Stable isotopes......Page 566 References......Page 567 Estimating the Masses of DifferentSediment Types Through Time......Page 569 Proportions of Carbonate Rock in the Major Sediment Reservoirs......Page 570 Reevaluation of the Output of CO2 IntoSediment Through Time......Page 571 Potential Transfer of C Between Ccarb and Corg Reservoirs......Page 573 The Effect of Sedimentary Cycling and Losses From the System......Page 575 Discussion......Page 576 References......Page 578 Introduction......Page 580 Carbonate Data for Phanerozoic Cycles......Page 581 Possible Mechanisms for Mineralogic Changes......Page 583 Possible Precambrian Aragonites......Page 585 Precambrian Climate and Aragonite Occurrences......Page 586 References......Page 587 Isotopic Record on 109-Year Time Scales......Page 590 Coupling of Biogeochemical and Inorganic Cycles......Page 593 Isotopic Record on 10 7- to I08-Year Time Scales......Page 594 References......Page 595 Introduction......Page 597 Present-Day Mid-Ocean Ridge Carbon Flux......Page 598 The Precambrian Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Carbon Flux......Page 601 Subduction of Carbon......Page 602 Precambrian Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels......Page 604 References......Page 605 Introduction......Page 607 Numerical Models......Page 609 Results......Page 611 References......Page 615 Empirical Temperature Limits in Living Organisms......Page 618 Physiological and Molecular Bases of Thermal Limits in Living Organisms......Page 619 Are There Evolutionary Limitsto Thermal Adaptation?......Page 620 Conclusions......Page 621 References......Page 622 Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 32. Readers of this book will generally fit into two groups. One group is geologists and geochemists, who have studied the global carbon cycle for many decades. These readers will find that the papers in this book present a new view of familiar themes. Whereas much previous work on the carbon cycle, and other geochemical cycles, has emphasized the nature of the steady state maintained by complex networks of feedbacks, recent attention has shifted to the changes implied by the way these feedbacks respond to perturbations. E.t. Sundquist And W.s. Broecker, Editors. Papers Presented At The Chapman Conference On Natural Variations In Carbon Dioxide And The Carbon Cycle, Tarpon Springs, Fla., Jan. 9-13, 1984, Sponsored By The American Geophysical Union. Includes Bibliographies. About The ProductPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Geophysical Monograph Series__. Content: