Geophysical Approach To Marine Coastal Ecology: The Case Of Iriomote Island, Japan (springer Oceanography)

This book presents recent results of collaborative studies in geophysics and ecology, focusing on the relationship between the physical environment and the distribution of the marine coastal ecosystems. The study area, the Sakiyamawan–Amitoriwan nature conservation area in Iriomote Island of Japan, is the only oceanic nature conservation area in the country. The area has no access roads, and the bay perimeter is uninhabited; therefore, it preserves the natural environment with very little human impact. In addition, it has various environmental gradients such as topography and inflows from rivers with mangrove forests which affect the distribution of marine coastal ecosystems such as those containing reef-building corals, sea grasses, and hermit crabs. For these reasons, the area is one of the best places for the study of the relationship between the physical environment and the distribution of the marine coastal ecosystems, a relationship that is important for their conservation but has not been investigated fully. This book is aimed at students and researchers in the fields of oceanography and marine coastal ecology as well as general readers who are interested in coral reefs, diving, and nature conservation. Preface 6 Contents 9 Basic Information 12 1 Iriomote Island, Japan 13 Abstract 13 1.1 Geographical Characteristics of Iriomote Island 14 1.2 Sakiyamawan–Amitoriwan Nature Conservation Area 16 1.3 Meteorology of Iriomote Island 19 1.4 Corals in Amitori and Sakiyama Bay 26 1.4.1 State in the 1980s 26 1.4.2 State in the 1990s 27 1.4.3 State in 2000s 28 1.4.4 Into the Future 30 1.5 Tropical Sea Grass Enhalus acoroides in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 30 1.6 Coenobita brevimanus in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 36 1.6.1 General Biology of Land Hermit Crabs 36 1.6.2 Coenobita brevimanus in Yaeyama Islands 36 1.6.3 C. brevimanus in Northwestern Iriomote Island 38 References 40 2 Observational Method 46 Abstract 46 2.1 Current Velocity and Wave Observation 46 2.2 Meteorological Observation 47 2.3 Water Quality Observation 48 Acknowledgements 49 3 Numerical Simulation Method 50 Abstract 50 3.1 Ocean Model CCM 50 3.2 Wave Model SWAN 57 3.3 Particle Tracking Model 59 Acknowledgements 59 References 60 Observation and Estimation of Physical Environments 61 4 Dynamical Properties of Coastal Currents in the Northwestern Part of Iriomote Island Part. 1—Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 62 Abstract 62 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Tidal Flow Dynamics in a Single Channel 64 4.3 Observations and Simulations 72 4.4 Concluding Remarks 79 Acknowledgements 79 References 79 5 Dynamical Properties of Coastal Currents in the Northwestern Part of Iriomote Island Part. 2—Funauki and Shirahama Bays 81 Abstract 81 5.1 Introduction 82 5.2 Tidal Flow Dynamics in a Complex Channel Network 83 5.3 Tidal Flow Simulations in a Complex Channel Network 90 5.4 Observations and Simulations 100 5.5 Concluding Remarks 107 Acknowledgements 108 References 108 6 Sediment Monitoring in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 109 Abstract 109 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2 Cylindrical Sediment Trap 111 6.2.1 Experiment Setup 112 6.2.2 Experimental Results 113 6.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis 115 6.4 Digital Image Analysis 115 6.4.1 Sediment Diameter 116 6.4.2 Sediment Color 117 6.5 Application: Characterization of Coastal Sediments in the Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 119 6.5.1 Observations for Suspended Sediment 119 6.5.2 Spatial Characteristics of the Coastal Sediment 120 6.5.2.1 Element Content 121 6.5.2.2 Diameter and Sediment Color 122 6.5.2.3 Cluster Analysis 125 6.6 Conclusions and Future Work 128 Acknowledgements 129 References 129 7 Transport Properties of Soil Particles in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 132 Abstract 132 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Numerical Model and Method 133 7.3 Results and Discussion 135 7.4 Conclusions 141 Acknowledgements 142 References 142 8 Underwater Three-Dimensional Measurements 144 Abstract 144 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Survey Procedure 146 8.2.1 Survey Site 146 8.2.2 Photography 147 8.2.3 SfM Processing 147 8.3 Verification Results 149 8.4 Underwater SfM Using ROV 150 8.5 Conclusion 155 Acknowledgements 156 References 156 Relationship Between Distributions of Marine Coastal Ecosystem and Physical Environments 157 9 Coral Distributions and Physical Environments in Amitori Bay 158 Abstract 158 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Methods 160 9.2.1 Coral Distribution Investigation 160 9.2.2 Physical Observations 162 9.2.3 Numerical Simulations 163 9.3 Relation Between Coral Distributions and Environmental Properties 164 9.3.1 Distribution of Coral Life Forms 164 9.3.2 Relation Between Coral Distributions and Wave Heights 164 9.4 Relation Between Coral Distributions and the Number of Soil Grains 166 9.5 Diversity Index Analysis 167 9.5.1 Diversity Index and Its Physical Meaning 167 9.5.2 Distribution of the Diversity Index and the IDH 168 9.5.3 Relation Between Diversity Index and Environmental Properties 169 9.6 Conclusion 171 Acknowledgements 172 References 172 10 Coral Distributions and Physical Environments in Sakiyama Bay 174 Abstract 174 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Investigation Method of Coral Distributions 175 10.3 Calculation Method of Physical Environments 177 10.4 Distributions of Corals 178 10.5 Relation Between Coral Distributions and Physical Variables 180 10.6 Comparison Between the Cases of Sakiyama and Amitori Bays 183 10.7 Summary 185 Acknowledgements 185 References 185 11 Estimation Technique for Horizontal Distribution of Coral 188 Abstract 188 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Basic Concepts 189 11.3 Determination of Function 192 11.4 Estimated Result of Coral Coverage 196 11.5 Conclusion 196 Acknowledgements 198 References 198 12 Distribution of Enhalus acoroides According to Waves and Currents 199 Abstract 199 12.1 Introduction 200 12.2 Distribution Information of Enhalus acoroides at Western Sea Areas of Iriomote Island Used for Examination 201 12.3 Reproduction Calculation of Physical Conditions of the Distribution Range of Enhalus acoroides 202 12.4 Correspondence of E. acoroides Distribution with External Force Distribution 203 12.5 Results and Discussion 204 12.6 Conclusion 215 Acknowledgements 215 References 216 Data Source 217 Relationship Between Dispersals of Seeds, Fructification, Spawns, and Larvae of Marine Costal Life and Physical Environments 218 13 Numerical Analysis of Initial Dynamic State of Bundle of Acroporidae spawning in Amitori Bay 219 Abstract 219 13.1 Introduction 220 13.2 Field Survey and Results 221 13.3 Numerical Simulation 226 13.4 Computational Results 226 13.5 Conclusion 229 Acknowledgements 229 References 230 14 Numerical Analysis of Dispersals of Enhalus acoroides Seeds and Fruits in the Northwest Sea Area of Iriomote Island 231 Abstract 231 14.1 Introduction 232 14.2 Ecological Survey of Enhalus acoroides Seeds and Results 232 14.3 Ecological Survey of Enhalus acoroides Fructification and Results 236 14.4 Numerical Simulation of Seed Dispersal 238 14.5 Numerical Simulation of Fruit Dispersal 239 14.6 Computational Results of Seed Dispersal 240 14.7 Computational Results of Fruit Dispersal 243 14.8 Conclusion 246 Acknowledgements 247 References 247 15 Coral Recruitment on a Local Scale in Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Estimated by Filed Surveys and Numerical Analyses 248 Abstract 248 15.1 Introduction 249 15.2 Materials and Methods 250 15.3 Results and Discussion 253 15.4 Conclusions 257 Acknowledgement 257 References 257 16 Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic State of Coenobita brevimanus Larvae in Amitori Bay 259 Abstract 259 16.1 Introduction 260 16.2 Materials and Methods 262 16.2.1 Study Site 262 16.2.2 Visual Observation 262 16.2.3 Ocean Model and Particle Tracking 263 16.3 Results and Discussion 263 16.3.1 Larval Release 263 16.3.2 Numerical Analysis 266 16.3.3 Conclusion 270 References 270 Front Matter ....Pages i-xi Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Iriomote Island, Japan (Shinya Shimokawa, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani, Masako Nakamura, Wataru Doi)....Pages 3-35 Observational Method (Tomokazu Murakami)....Pages 37-40 Numerical Simulation Method (Tomokazu Murakami)....Pages 41-51 Front Matter ....Pages 53-53 Dynamical Properties of Coastal Currents in the Northwestern Part of Iriomote Island Part. 1—Sakiyama and Amitori Bays (Jun Yoshino, Tomokazu Murakami, Akiyuki Ukai, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Shinya Shimokawa, Kouta Nakase et al.)....Pages 55-73 Dynamical Properties of Coastal Currents in the Northwestern Part of Iriomote Island Part. 2—Funauki and Shirahama Bays (Jun Yoshino, Tomokazu Murakami, Akiyuki Ukai, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Shinya Shimokawa, Kouta Nakase et al.)....Pages 75-102 Sediment Monitoring in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays (Takumi Okabe, Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani, Shinya Shimokawa)....Pages 103-125 Transport Properties of Soil Particles in Sakiyama and Amitori Bays (Shinya Shimokawa, Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani)....Pages 127-138 Underwater Three-Dimensional Measurements (Hiroyuki Obanawa, Yu Tabayashi, Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Shinya Shimokawa, Akira Mizutani)....Pages 139-151 Front Matter ....Pages 153-153 Coral Distributions and Physical Environments in Amitori Bay (Shinya Shimokawa, Tomokazu Murakami, Akiyuki Ukai, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani, Kouta Nakase)....Pages 155-170 Coral Distributions and Physical Environments in Sakiyama Bay (Shinya Shimokawa, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Tomokazu Murakami, Akira Mizutani)....Pages 171-184 Estimation Technique for Horizontal Distribution of Coral (Akiyuki Ukai, Tomokazu Murakami, Akira Mizutani, Kouta Nakase, Shinya Shimokawa, Hiroyoshi Kohno)....Pages 185-195 Distribution of Enhalus acoroides According to Waves and Currents (Kota Nakase, Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akiyuki Ukai, Akira Mizutani, Shinya Shimokawa)....Pages 197-215 Front Matter ....Pages 217-217 Numerical Analysis of Initial Dynamic State of Bundle of Acroporidae spawning in Amitori Bay (Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani, Shinya Shimokawa)....Pages 219-230 Numerical Analysis of Dispersals of Enhalus acoroides Seeds and Fruits in the Northwest Sea Area of Iriomote Island (Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani, Shinya Shimokawa)....Pages 231-247 Coral Recruitment on a Local Scale in Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Estimated by Filed Surveys and Numerical Analyses (Masako Nakamura, Tomokazu Murakami, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Akira Mizutani)....Pages 249-259 Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic State of Coenobita brevimanus Larvae in Amitori Bay (Wataru Doi, Tomokazu Murakami, Akira Mizutani, Shinya Shimokawa, Hiroyoshi Kohno)....Pages 261-273