جغرافیا، فناوری و ابزارهای اکتشاف (مطالعات در جغرافیای تاریخی)

Focusing on aspects of the functioning of technology, and by looking at instruments and at instrumental performance, this book addresses the epistemological questions arising from examining the technological bases to geographical exploration and knowledge claims. Questions of geography and exploration and technology are addressed in historical and contemporary context and in different geographical locations and intellectual cultures. The collection brings together scholars in the history of geographical exploration, historians of science, historians of technology and, importantly, experts with curatorial responsibilities for, and museological expertise in, major instrument collections. Ranging in their focus from studies of astronomical practice to seismography, meteorological instruments and rockets, from radar to the hand-held barometer, the chapters of this book examine the ways in which instruments and questions of technology - too often overlooked hitherto - offer insight into the connections between geography and exploration. Series Page 3 Title Page 4 Copyright 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Figures and Tables 8 Notes on Contributors 10 Preface and Acknowledgements 12 Introduction: Geography, Technology and Instruments of Exploration • Fraser MacDonald and Charles W.J. Withers 14 1 Equipping Expeditionary Astronomers: Nevil Maskelyne and the Development of ‘Precision Exploration’ • Rebekah Higgitt 28 2 Instrumenting Order: Longitude, Seamen and Astronomers, 1770–1805 • Eoin Phillips 50 3 North by Northwest? Experimental Instruments and Instruments of Experiment • Richard Dunn 70 4 Weather Instruments all at Sea: Meteorology and the Royal Navy in the Nineteenth Century • Simon Naylor 90 5 Objects of Exploration: Expanding the Horizons of Maritime History • Claire Warrior and John McAleer 110 6 Instruments of Exploration in National Museums Scotland • A.D. Morrison-Low 132 7 ‘Instruments in the Hands of Others’: The Life and Liveliness of Instruments of British Geographical Exploration, c.1860–c.1930 • Eugene Rae, Catherine Souch and Charles W.J. Withers 152 8 Seismic Instruments, Geographical Perspectives • Deborah Jean Warner 174 9 Aerial Photography in Geography and Exploration • Peter Collier 192 10 Uncovering Camouflage: The Technology of Location and the Craft of Erasure • Isla Forsyth 212 11 Instruments of Science and War: Frank Malina and the Object of Rocketry • Fraser MacDonald 232 12 UK Radar (Dis)Integration in the 1960s: Linesman/Mediator Radar Development and the Calculus of Nuclear Deterrence • Graham Spinardi 254 Index 276 Edited By Fraser Macdonald And Charles W.j. Withers. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.