Geographic Information Systems in Urban Planning and Management (Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a pivotal role in the field of urban planning and management and provide better solutions for numerous urban problems. With GIS, one has the ability to better understand existing requirements of a city and its design to fulfill those needs. This book contributes to developing scientific knowledge based on geospatial technologies among planners, researchers, scientists, professionals, students, and laymen and providing them with better understanding for urban planning and management at various levels. The book manifests the importance of GIS in better understanding of current urban challenges and provides new insights on how to apply GIS in urban planning. It also encourages the various stakeholders of society to participate in the decision-making process and assists planners and authorities to formulate suitable plans for sustainable urban growth of a region. The book is divided into two parts. The first part describes the fundamental concepts of GIS and also deals with the advanced techniques of spatial planning. The second part addresses real-world case studies using various applications of GIS. The case studies include urban land-use changes, simulation of future urban growth, urban heat island, alternate landfill site selection and urban flood susceptibility mapping, among others. This book shows how to integrate GIS with remote sensing, geostatistics, artificial intelligence-machine learning techniques, and other cutting-edge technologies. Readers find this book to be an invaluable resource for understanding and solving problems relating to sustainable urban planning and management. Preface Contents About the Author Part I Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems 1 Introduction of Geographic Information System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Evolution of Geographical Information System 1.2.1 Looking Behind the Geographic Information Systems 1.2.2 Development in Geographic Information Systems 1.2.3 Geographic Information Science (GIScience, GISc) Era 1.3 Meaning and Definition of Geographic Information System 1.4 Linkages Between GIS, Remote Sensing and Global Positioning System 1.4.1 Need of Linkages Between GPS with Remote Sensing and Global Positioning System 1.4.2 Integration Models 1.5 Basic Components of Geographic Information System 1.6 Capabilities of Geographic Information System 1.7 Basic Application of Geographic Information System in Recent World 1.7.1 Application in Cartographic Mapping 1.7.2 Application in Telecom and Network Services 1.7.3 Application in Accident Analysis and Hot Spot Analysis 1.7.4 Application in Urban Planning 1.7.5 Application in Transportation Planning 1.7.6 Application in Environmental Impact Analysis 1.7.7 Application in Agriculture 1.7.8 Application in Disaster Management and Mitigation 1.7.9 Application in Navigation 1.7.10 Application in Natural Resources Management 1.7.11 Application in Banking 1.7.12 Application in Planning and Community Development 1.7.13 Application in Irrigation Water Management 1.8 Conclusion References 2 Referencing and Coordinate Systems in GIS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Map Projection 2.2.1 Types of Projection 2.3 Coordinate System 2.4 Geographic Coordinate System 2.5 Projected Coordinate System 2.5.1 The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System 2.5.2 The Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) Grid System 2.5.3 The State Plane Coordinate (SPC) Grid System 2.6 Widely Used Projections 2.6.1 Azimuthal Projection—Stereographic 2.6.2 Conic Projection—Lambert Conformal Conic 2.6.3 Cylindrical Projection—Mercator 2.6.4 Cylindrical Projection—Robinson 2.6.5 Cylindrical Projection—Transverse Mercator 2.7 Georeferencing 2.7.1 Georeferencing of Raster Images 2.7.2 Georeferencing of Vector Images 2.8 Conclusion References 3 GIS Data Models 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Raster Data Model 3.2.1 Components of Raster Data Model 3.2.2 Raster Data Structure and Data Compression 3.2.3 Important Raster Data Products 3.3 Vector Data Model 3.3.1 Vector Data Structure 3.4 Vectorization and Rasterization 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Data Input in GIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sources of Geospatial Data 4.3 Spatial Data Input in GIS 4.3.1 Scanning 4.3.2 Digitization 4.3.3 Coordinate Geometry 4.3.4 Table Spatialization 4.3.5 Data Entry Errors and Spatial Data Editing in GIS 4.4 Non-spatial Data Input in GIS 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Data Visualization and Output 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geovisualization Process 5.3 GIS Data Output 5.3.1 Cartographic Representation of the Qualitative Data 5.3.2 Cartographic Representation of the Quantitative Data 5.3.3 Mapping Terrain Elevation 5.3.4 Cartographic Representation of the Time Series Data 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Spatial Data Analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Analytical Capabilities of GIS 6.3 Vector Data Analysis 6.4 Raster Data Analysis 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Non-spatial Data Management 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Spatial Data 7.1.2 Non-spatial Data 7.2 Non-spatial Data in GIS 7.2.1 Types of Attribute Tables 7.2.2 Database Management 7.2.3 Attribute Data Types 7.3 The Relational Model 7.3.1 Example of Relational Database: SSURGO 7.3.2 Normalization 7.3.3 Types of Relationships 7.4 Joins, Relates and Relationship Classes 7.4.1 Joins 7.4.2 Relates 7.4.3 Relationship Classes 7.5 Spatial Join 7.6 Attribute Data Entry 7.6.1 Field Definition 7.6.2 Methods of Data Entry 7.6.3 Attribute Data Verification 7.7 Manipulation of Fields and Attribute Data 7.7.1 Adding and Deleting Fields 7.7.2 Attribute Data Classification 7.7.3 Attribute Data Computation 7.8 Conclusion References 8 Application of GIS in Urban Policy/Planning/Management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Application of GIS in Microlevel Planning 8.2.1 Concept of the Microlevel Planning 8.2.2 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in Microlevel Planning 8.3 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in Hydrological Management 8.4 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Sustainable Development 8.5 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in Agricultural Resource Management 8.5.1 Remote Sensing and GIS in Inventory of Crops 8.5.2 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS for the Crop Management 8.5.3 Nutrient and Water Stress Estimation Using Remote Sensing and GIS 8.5.4 Flood Monitoring Using Remote Sensing and GIS 8.5.5 Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) 8.5.6 GIS and Remote Sensing in Agro-Metrological Application 8.5.7 Remote Sensing and GIS in Pest Infestation 8.6 Remote Sensing and GIS in Sustainable Tourism Development 8.7 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Disaster Management 8.8 Conclusion References Part II Case Studies: Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Urban Planning and Management 9 Case Study 1: Monitoring and Modelling of Urban Land Use Changes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Overview of the Study Area 9.3 Database and Methodology 9.3.1 Data Used 9.3.2 Methodology 9.3.3 Image Acquisition and Preprocessing 9.3.4 Image Classification 9.3.5 Criteria for Classification 9.3.6 Supervised Classification 9.3.7 Post-classification Processing 9.3.8 Result and Discussion 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Case Study 2: Simulating Future Urban Growth Using Cellular Automata-Markov Chain Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Overview of the Study Area 10.3 Materials and Methods 10.3.1 Data Collections 10.3.2 Data Processing 10.4 Result and Discussion 10.4.1 LULC Change Analysis and Urban Sprawl 10.4.2 Analysis of the Markov Transition Probability Matrix 10.4.3 Validation 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Case Study 3: Identification of Potential Sites for Housing Development Using GIS-Based Multi-criteria Evaluation Technique 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of the Study Area 11.3 Database and Methodology 11.3.1 Database and Properties of Criterion 11.3.2 Criterion Standardization 11.3.3 Assigning Rank and Estimation of Criteria Weights 11.3.4 Built-Up Suitability 11.4 Results 11.4.1 Criteria Influence Analysis for AHP 11.4.2 Suitability Area Analysis for AHP 11.4.3 Validation of the Result 11.5 Discussion and Conclusion References 12 Case Study 4: Urban Green Space Analysis and Potential Site Selection for Green Space Expansion in NCT Delhi 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Advantages of the Urban Green Spaces (UGS) 12.3 Overview of the Study Area 12.4 Methodology 12.4.1 Mapping of the Existing Urban Green Space 12.4.2 Urban Green Space Analysis 12.4.3 Potential Site Selection for Expansion of Urban Green Space 12.5 Results and Discussion 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Case Study 5: A Multi-criteria Decision-Making for Alternative Landfill Site Selections Using Fuzzy TOPSIS Approach 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Overview of the Study Area 13.3 Database and Methodology 13.3.1 Criterion for the Selection of Landfill Sites 13.3.2 Preparation of Fuzzy Rank Decision Matrix 13.3.3 Normalized Fuzzy Decision Matrix 13.3.4 Weighted Normalized Fuzzy Decision Matrix 13.3.5 Fuzzy Positive Ideal Solution and Fizzy Negative Ideal Solution (FPIS & FNIS) 13.3.6 Distance from FPIS and FNIS 13.3.7 Closeness Coefficient and Suitability Rank 13.4 Result and Discussion 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Case Study 6: Urban Flood Susceptibility Modelling of Srinagar Using Novel Fuzzy Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Overview of the Study Area 14.3 Database and Methodology 14.3.1 Flood Conditioning Factors 14.3.2 Flood Inventory Databases 14.3.3 Fuzzy Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network (Fuzzy MLPNN) 14.3.4 Accuracy Assessment of the Flood Risk Map 14.4 Results 14.4.1 Flood Susceptibility Modelling 14.4.2 Role of the Flood Conditioning Factors 14.4.3 Map Validation by AUC Analysis 14.5 Discussion 14.6 Conclusion References 15 Case Study 7: Assessment, Mapping and Prediction of Urban Heat Island in Srinagar City Region 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Overview of the Study Area 15.3 Data and Methods 15.3.1 Urban Heat Island Mapping and Assessment 15.3.2 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Prediction 15.4 Results and Discussion 15.5 Conclusion References