Genomics of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Industrial Waste Water Treatment

This book discusses the key problems and solutions with various applicable approaches to combat antibiotic-resistant genes in industrial waste water. Several genes are selected within the chapters to illustrate the past and future roles of molecular ecophysiology and genomics in the development of wastewater microbiology as an important subdiscipline of microbial ecology. As we have very limited knowledge of composition, dynamics and stability of microbial communities, various processes in wastewater treatment have been generally considered to be "black box." In recent years, with the development of several new high throughput sequencing platforms, metagenome sequencing strategies and bioinformatics toolboxes, the analysis of the genome of complex communities has become much more accessible and means easier. The opening of the biological wastewater treatment “black box” is not the unpleasant experience it was before. The viable, but not cultural, ceases tobe the inconsequential, uncharacterizable enigma that existed today. Metagenomics leads the way for more specific studies in related fields. Finally, genomic studies of wastewater treatment microbes, in addition to their biotechnological applications, are also an excellent testing ground for variety of other ecological and environmental burns questions. Wastewater treatment plants are considered hotspots for the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant determinants. Comparative genomics of antibiotic resistant genes isolated from conventional activated sludge and biological aerated filter wastewater treatment plants is discussed. Preface Contents Characterization Methods for Microbial Communities Present in Contaminated Soils 1 Introduction 2 Types of Pollutants 2.1 Inorganic Pollutants 2.2 Organic Pollutants 2.3 Biological Pollutants 2.4 Heavy Metals 2.5 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 3 Culture-Dependent Methods of Community Analysis 3.1 Dilution Plating and Culturing Methods 3.2 Community-Level Physiological Profiles 3.3 Culture-Independent Methods of Community Analysis 3.4 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis 3.5 Nucleic Acid Techniques 3.6 Phylogenetic Analysis 3.7 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) 4 Molecular Techniques for Microbiome Analysis 4.1 Library-Based Methods 4.2 Amplification and Digestion-Based Methods 4.3 Electrophoresis-Based Methods 4.4 Sequencing-Based Methods 4.5 Fluorescence-Based Methods 4.6 Non-nucleic Acid-Based Approaches References Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Antibiotics 2.1 What Is Antibiotic Resistance? 2.2 Types of Antibiotic Resistance 2.3 Working of Antibiotics 2.4 Antibiotic Resistance Development in Wastewater Bacteria 2.5 Mechanism 2.6 Factors Affecting the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Industrial Wastewater 2.7 Are Wastewater Treatment Plants a Solution or a Culprit? 3 How Are Antibiotic Resistance Genes Quantified? 3.1 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) 3.2 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Technique 3.3 Culture Based 3.4 Metagenomics 4 Standardizing the Levels of ARGs into Risk Groups 4.1 Drinking Water 4.2 Air and Dust 4.3 Soil 4.4 Food 5 Steps to Address Antibiotic Resistance Genes Contamination Possible Measures to Be Targeted 6 Who Needs to Take Action? 7 Conclusion References Bacteriophages: A Strategy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater Treatment Plants 1 Introduction 2 Occurrence of AMR in WWTPs 3 Antibiotics Leading to Resistance Among Bacteria 4 Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria 5 Sources of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) 6 Bacteriophage 7 Bacteriophage Life Cycle 8 Studies of Phages Against ARBs 9 Conclusion References The Emergence of Wastewater Treatment Plant as a Leading Source for Dissemination of Antibiotic-Resistant Gene 1 Introduction 2 Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Its Dissemination in Wastewater Treatment Plant 3 Different ARGs Available in Wastewater Treatment Plants 3.1 Beta-Lactam Resistant Genes 3.2 Macrolide Resistance Genes 3.3 Quinolone Resistance Genes 3.4 Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim Resistance Genes 4 Sources of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes 5 Role of Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Dissemination of ARGs 6 Different Strategies for Treating the ARGs by WWTPs 6.1 Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment Reactors 6.2 Constructed Wetlands 6.3 Disinfection 6.4 Nanomaterial 6.5 Biochar 7 Human Health Risk Due to Antibiotic-Resistant Genes 8 Future Recommendation References Increasing Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Wastewater: Impact on Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Antibiotic-Resistant Genes 3 Methods for Analyzing Antibiotic Resistance Genes 3.1 PCR and its Variants 3.2 Microarrays 3.3 Metagenomics 4 Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Public Health 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Emerging Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 1 Introduction 2 AMR and ARGs in Wastewater 3 Dissemination of ARGs in WWTPs 3.1 Plasmids 3.2 Transposons 3.3 Integrons 4 Enrichment of ARGs in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 5 Identification of ARGs 5.1 Culture-Dependent Method 5.2 Culture-Independent Methods 6 Removal of ARGs in WWTP 6.1 Biological Treatment 6.2 Capturing ARGs 6.3 Advanced Oxidation 7 Conclusion References Characterization and Dynamic Shift of Microbial Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plant 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of the Microbial Community in Wastewater Treatment Plants 2.1 Approaches to Characterize the Microbial Community 2.2 Wastewater Microorganisms 3 Factors Affecting the Microbial Shift 3.1 Influent Composition 3.2 Operating Parameters 4 Meteorological, Geographical and Different Process Parameters Influence Microbial Shift 4.1 Seasonal Changes and Regional Variations 4.2 Type of Process and Type of Reactor 5 Conclusion References Index