Genetically Modified Organisms in Food : Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health

Genetically Modified Organisms in Food focuses on scientific evaluation of published research relating to GMO food products to assert their safety as well as potential health risks. This book is a solid reference for researchers and professionals needing information on the safety of GMO and non-GMO food production, the economic benefits of both GMO and non-GMO foods, and includes in-depth coverage of the surrounding issues of genetic engineering in foods. This is a timely publication written by a team of scientific experts in the field who present research results to help further more evidence based research to educate scientists, academics, government professionals about the safety of the global food supply. Provides the latest on research and development in the field of GMOs and non-GMO safety issues and possible risk factors incorporating evidence based reviews for a better understanding of these issues Covers various aspects of GMO production, analysis and identification to better understand GMO development and use Includes definitions, a brief overview and history of GM foods from a global perspective and concise summaries with recommendations for actions for each chapter Front Cover......Page 1 Genetically Modified Organisms in Food......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Contributors......Page 16 SECTION III: GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND LITIGATION FOR GMO FOODS......Page 20 SECTION VII: DEMAND AND USES OF NON-GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS, AND GMO’S FOR HUMANS AND ANIMALS......Page 21 Acknowledgments......Page 22 Section I - Development, Testingand Safety of Plant and Animal GMO foods......Page 24 INTRODUCTION......Page 26 SOME COMMENTS ABOUT TRANSGENIC SOYBEANS......Page 27 COMPARATIVE STUDIES INVOLVING TRANSGENIC AND NONTRANSGENIC SOYBEAN SEEDS OR PLANTS......Page 28 CONCLUSIONS......Page 31 REFERENCES......Page 32 BIOSAFETY MEASUREMENT......Page 34 BT GENE AND STACKED TRAITS......Page 36 PCR AND REAL-TIME PCR......Page 37 IMMUNO-PCR......Page 38 REFERENCES......Page 39 WEBSITE REFERENCES......Page 41 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 42 APPLICATIONS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS......Page 45 REFERENCES......Page 47 BIOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES......Page 50 INSECT PESTS OF BRINJAL......Page 51 DEVELOPMENT OF INSECT-RESISTANT BT-BRINJAL......Page 52 FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER MANAGEMENT IN BT-BRINJAL......Page 53 DETECTION OF BT-BRINJAL......Page 54 FOOD SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF BT-BRINJAL......Page 55 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF BT-BRINJAL......Page 57 REFERENCES......Page 58 CROP COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL CONTEXT, AND THE SUITABILITY OF ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 62 HISTORY OF ANIMAL STUDIES FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS......Page 66 REGULATORY ASSESSMENTS......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 71 VARIOUS NCRNA-BASED SILENCING PLATFORMS......Page 74 APPREHENSIONS OF NONCODING RNA-BASED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS......Page 77 PREDICTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 79 IMPACT ON PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES......Page 82 REFERENCES......Page 83 AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED T-DNA TRANSFER PROCESS......Page 86 FACTORS INFLUENCING AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION......Page 89 ADVANCES IN AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION......Page 90 APPLICATIONS......Page 92 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 93 REFERENCES......Page 94 INTRODUCTION......Page 98 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT......Page 99 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......Page 102 RESULTS......Page 103 REFERENCES......Page 106 INTRODUCTION......Page 110 SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR BT EGGPLANT......Page 112 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF EE1 EVENT......Page 115 DIAGNOSTICS FOR EE1 EVENT: TO ENSURE GM-FREE CONSERVATION OF GERMPLASM......Page 116 REFERENCES......Page 117 INTRODUCTION......Page 120 GMO BIOSENSORS......Page 122 REFERENCES......Page 131 INTRODUCTION......Page 134 DNA QUALITY AND PURITY: FROM EXTRACTION TO PCR ANALYSIS......Page 135 EFFECT OF FOOD PROCESSING ON GMO DETECTION......Page 136 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 139 REFERENCES......Page 140 BIOSENSORS......Page 142 ALTERNATIVE DNA AMPLIFICATION METHODS......Page 148 FINAL REMARKS......Page 150 REFERENCES......Page 151 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SDNS: FROM MEGANUCLEASES TO CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR)......Page 156 THE DIFFERENT USES OF SDNS......Page 157 WHAT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE IN PLANTS?......Page 158 HOW THE NUCLEASE IS DELIVERED IN PLANT CELLS......Page 161 SDNS TO OBTAIN NEW PLANTS FOR COMMERCIAL USES: LEGAL FRAMEWORK......Page 163 CONCLUSIONS......Page 164 REFERENCES......Page 165 Section II - Social and Economic Contextof GMO Foods......Page 170 OVERVIEW ON PERCEPTION, POLICIES, AND POLITICS ON GM CROPS IN EUROPE, USA, AND THE REST OF THE WORLD......Page 172 PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND TRUST IN INSTITUTIONS......Page 175 THE FRAMING OF THE PUBLIC DEBATE......Page 176 METHODOLOGIES TO ASSESS PUBLIC AND CONSUMER ATTITUDES......Page 177 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 178 REFERENCES......Page 179 SALMON DECLINE: FROM WILD TO FARMED FISH......Page 182 THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SALMON......Page 184 GENETICALLY MODIFIED SALMON: A SMALLER ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT?......Page 185 CONCLUSION......Page 186 REFERENCES......Page 187 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: A MEDIATOR MODEL......Page 190 RESEARCH METHODS......Page 192 RESULTS: THE MEDIATOR MODEL......Page 195 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 198 REFERENCES......Page 201 INTRODUCTION......Page 204 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 205 RESULTS......Page 206 DISCUSSION......Page 210 REFERENCES......Page 212 Section III - Government Regulation and Litigation for GMO foods......Page 216 METHODS......Page 218 RESULTS......Page 219 CASE STUDY: INFORMATION EFFECTS ON WTP FOR FOLATE BIOFORTIFIED RICE......Page 225 CONCLUSIONS......Page 226 REFERENCES......Page 228 GMO FEEDS: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, REGULATIONS, AND HEALTH ISSUES......Page 230 DETECTION METHODS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN FEED......Page 233 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS......Page 234 CONCLUSIONS......Page 240 REFERENCES......Page 241 THE CURRENT MARKET SITUATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 246 CONCERNS ABOUT THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF GMOS......Page 247 GENE CONTAINMENT......Page 248 SMG AND SMG PROTEIN FREE IN GMOS......Page 252 REFERENCES......Page 255 BIOGENESIS AND MECHANISMS OF NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF MRNA......Page 260 ROLES OF MIRNA IN PLANT GENETIC MODIFICATION......Page 262 REFERENCES......Page 271 INTRODUCTION......Page 280 THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND GMOS......Page 281 GMOS AND COMPETING JOURNALISTIC TRADITIONS OF JOURNALISTIC OBJECTIVITY AND INTERPRETATION......Page 283 THE CHALLENGE OF REPORTING ON GMOS: FACTS AND SCIENTIFIC DISPUTES......Page 285 REFERENCES......Page 286 LITIGATION OVER BIOTECH CROPS......Page 290 REFERENCES......Page 295 THE “FROM FARM TO FORK” EUROPEAN APPROACH......Page 298 GMOMETHODS DATABASE: DATA SOURCE AND SELECTION CRITERIA......Page 299 THE GMOMETHODS DATABASE CONTENT......Page 300 JOINT RESEARCH CENTER (JRC) GMO-MATRIX......Page 301 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 305 NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING......Page 306 FUTURE PROSPECTIVE FOR GMO ANALYSIS......Page 307 NGS......Page 308 REFERENCES......Page 309 Section IV - Role of GMC (Genetically Modified Crops) in Increasing the Food Supply in the Developing and Developed Countries......Page 312 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GM CROPS......Page 314 FEEDING GM CROPS IN LIVESTOCK......Page 315 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVES......Page 316 REFERENCES......Page 317 INTRODUCTION......Page 320 REFERENCES......Page 325 INTRODUCTION......Page 328 APPROACHES TO STUDYING STRESS TOLERANCE IN PEANUT......Page 329 ISSUES WITH THE TRANSGENIC/GMO......Page 331 REFERENCES......Page 332 POPULATION VERSUS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY......Page 336 NUTRITION SECURITY......Page 337 COTTON......Page 339 MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION......Page 340 HORTICULTURE......Page 341 ENHANCEMENT OF NUTRITION CONTENT......Page 342 OILSEEDS......Page 343 PULSES......Page 344 REFERENCES......Page 345 INTRODUCTION......Page 348 REFERENCES......Page 355 Section V - Potential Health Benefits, Acceptance and Risks due to Incorporation of Novel Plant Gene Products into the Food Supply......Page 358 THE TRADITIONAL METHODS OF GENOME WALKING......Page 360 THE NOVEL METHODS: A-T LINKER PCR......Page 361 RANDOMLY BROKEN FRAGMENT PCR WITH 5′ END-DIRECTED ADAPTOR FOR GENOME WALKING......Page 362 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN OBTAINING THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 363 REFERENCES......Page 364 QUALITATIVE PCR DETECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 366 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY DETECTION TECHNIQUE......Page 367 HIGH-THROUGHPUT DETECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 368 LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION......Page 371 REFERENCES......Page 372 STRATEGIES FOR METABOLIC ENGINEERING IN THE CAROTENOID PATHWAY......Page 376 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF VITAMIN A BIOFORTIFICATION ON HUMAN NUTRITION......Page 377 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF CAROTENOID ACCUMULATION IN CEREAL GRAINS......Page 378 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF CAROTENOID ACCUMULATION IN STEM AND TUBER CROPS......Page 379 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 380 REFERENCES......Page 381 INTRODUCTION......Page 384 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOOD FROM TOMATO......Page 387 CAROTENOIDS METABOLIC ENGINEERING IN TOMATO......Page 393 REFERENCES......Page 399 PLANT DEFENSINS: ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS......Page 404 PLANT DEFENSINS: STRUCTURE......Page 407 PLANT DEFENSINS: MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 408 ENGINEERING FUNGAL RESISTANCE IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS USING PLANT-DERIVED DEFENSINS......Page 409 COMBINATORIAL STRATEGY APPROACH USING PLANT DEFENSINS......Page 412 TARGETED MODIFICATION OF NATIVE DEFENSINS FOR IMPROVED ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY......Page 413 FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 414 REFERENCES......Page 415 INTRODUCTION......Page 420 ALLERGEN DATABASES......Page 421 BIOINFORMATICS METHODS TO PREDICT PROTEIN ALLERGENICITY......Page 424 BIOINFORMATICS METHODS USED IN REGULATORY ASSESSMENT OF PROTEIN ALLERGENICITY......Page 428 REFERENCES......Page 431 MATERIALS AND METHOD......Page 436 RESULTS......Page 437 DISCUSSION......Page 441 REFERENCES......Page 444 INTRODUCTION......Page 446 INTROGRESSION......Page 447 EVOLUTIONARY AND AGRICULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTROGRESSION OF INSECT-RESISTANCE GENES......Page 449 CONCLUSION......Page 450 REFERENCES......Page 451 Section VI - Safety of Genetically Modified Foods for Humans and Animals......Page 454 THE CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGY DEBATE......Page 456 THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT OF GM FOOD LABELING POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 457 CONCLUSIONS......Page 462 REFERENCES......Page 463 INTRODUCTION......Page 466 INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BT CRY PROTEINS......Page 467 HISTORY OF SAFE USE AND HUMAN DIETARY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF CRY PROTEINS......Page 468 ASSESSMENT OF FOOD PROCESSING ON CRY PROTEIN INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY......Page 469 ALLERGY AND IMMUNOGENICITY ASSESSMENT OF CRY PROTEINS......Page 470 TOXICOLOGY TESTING OF CRY PROTEINS......Page 471 TOXICOLOGY FEEDING STUDIES IN RODENTS FED BT CROPS......Page 472 REFERENCES......Page 473 INTRODUCTION......Page 478 MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF FOOD ALLERGENS......Page 479 PROTEIN FAMILIES OF FOOD ALLERGENS AND ALLERGEN DATABASES......Page 480 APPLICATIONS OF ALLERGENOMICS FOR ASSESSMENT OF ALLERGENICITY IN GM PLANTS......Page 481 CONCLUSIONS......Page 483 REFERENCES......Page 484 Section VII - Demand and Uses ofNon-Genetically Modified Foods, and GMO’s for Humans and Animals......Page 488 INTRODUCTION......Page 490 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 491 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 495 REFERENCES......Page 500 INTRODUCTION......Page 504 REASON ANALYSIS......Page 505 REFERENCES......Page 509 Index......Page 512

Genetically Modified Organisms in Food focuses on scientific evaluation of published research relating to GMO food products to assert their safety as well as potential health risks. This book is a solid reference for researchers and professionals needing information on the safety of GMO and non-GMO food production, the economic benefits of both GMO and non-GMO foods, and includes in-depth coverage of the surrounding issues of genetic engineering in foods. This is a timely publication written by a team of scientific experts in the field who present research results to help further more evidence based research to educate scientists, academics, government professionals about the safety of the global food supply.

• Provides the latest on research and development in the field of GMOs and non-GMO safety issues and possible risk factors incorporating evidence based reviews for a better understanding of these issues
• Covers various aspects of GMO production, analysis and identification to better understand GMO development and use
• Includes definitions, a brief overview and history of GM foods from a global perspective and concise summaries with recommendations for actions for each chapter