Genetic Enhancement in Major Food Legumes : Advances in Major Food Legumes

The protein molecule is the basic building block of every living entity. Its deficiency leads to restricted growth and development of individuals. Globally, such malnutrition is on the rise due to various reasons such as rapid population growth, stagnation of productivity, and ever-rising costs. Millions of people, especially in developing and under-developed countries, suffer from protein malnutrition and the only possible solution is to encourage farmers to grow high-protein food legume crops in their fields for domestic consumption. This, however, could be possible if farmers are provided with new cultivars with high yield, and resistance to major insects, diseases, and key abiotic stresses. The major food legume crops are chickpea, cowpea, common bean, groundnut, lentil, pigeonpea, and soybean. Predominantly, the legume crops are grown under a subsistence level and, therefore, in comparison to cereals and horticultural crops their productivity is low and highly variable. The crop breeders around the globe are engaged in breeding suitable cultivars for harsh and changing environments but success has been limited and not up to needs. With the recent development of new technologies in plant sciences, efforts are being made to help under-privileged farmers through breeding new cultivars which will produce more protein per unit of land area. In this book, the contributors analyze the constraints, review new technologies, and propose a future course of crop breeding programs in seven cold and warm season legume crops. Foreword Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Genetic Enhancement in Major Food Legumes: An Overview 1.1 Overview on Genetic Enhancement in Food Legumes References Chapter 2: Trends in Legume Production and Future Outlook 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Global Status of Legumes 2.2.1 Global Annual Growth Rates 2.3 Region-Wise Crop Performance and Future Outlook 2.3.1 Common Bean 2.3.2 Chickpea 2.3.3 Cowpea 2.3.4 Groundnut 2.3.5 Lentil 2.3.6 Pigeonpea 2.3.7 Soybean References Chapter 3: Genomics: Shaping Legume Improvement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Available Genomics Resources for Grain Legume Improvement 3.2.1 Next-Generation Mapping Resources 3.2.2 DNA Marker Technologies: Toward High-Density Assays 3.2.3 Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiles 3.2.4 High-Density Linkage Mapping 3.2.5 Molecular Mapping for Elucidating Trait Architectures in Legumes 3.2.5.1 Bi-Parental QTL Mapping in Legumes Abiotic Stresses Biotic Stresses Quality Traits Seed and Seed Yield-Related Traits 3.2.6 Genome-Wide Association Mapping 3.2.7 Whole-Genome Sequencing 3.2.8 Fast-Track Product Delivery Using Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) 3.3 Genomic Selection 3.4 Speed Breeding 3.5 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: A System to Understand Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Crosstalk and Hybrid Development 3.6 Conclusion and Perspectives References Chapter 4: Genetic Engineering of Grain Legumes: Their Potential for Sustainable Agriculture and Food and Nutritional Security 4.1 Importance of Grain Legumes 4.2 Constraints to Legume Production 4.2.1 Abiotic Stresses 4.2.2 Biotic Stresses 4.2.3 Nutritional Benefits and Scope for Improvement 4.3 Application of Modern Biotechnological Tools for Legume Improvement 4.4 Soybean (Glycine max) 4.4.1 Genetic Transformation of Soybean 4.4.2 Herbicide-Tolerant Soybean 4.4.3 Pod Borer-Resistant Soybean 4.4.4 Impact of GE Soybean on Profitability and Sustainability 4.5 Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) 4.5.1 Genetic Transformation of Beans 4.5.2 GE Bean Resistant to Golden Mosaic Virus 4.5.3 Herbicide and Drought Tolerance in Beans 4.6 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 4.6.1 Genetic Transformation of Cowpea 4.6.2 Transgenic Cowpea Resistant to Maruca Pod Borer 4.6.3 Transgenic Cowpea Resistant to Bruchids 4.6.4 Herbicide-Tolerant Cowpea 4.7 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) 4.7.1 Genetic Transformation of Chickpea 4.7.2 Bruchid-Resistant Chickpea 4.7.3 Transgenic Chickpea Resistant to Pod Borers 4.7.4 Aphid-Resistant Chickpea 4.7.5 Transgenic Chickpea Tolerant to Abiotic Stresses 4.8 Pea (Pisum sativum) 4.8.1 Genetic Transformation for Pea Weevil Resistance 4.8.2 Viral Disease-Resistant Pea 4.8.3 Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Pea 4.9 Lentil (Lens culinaris) 4.9.1 Genetic Improvement of Lentil 4.9.2 Transgenic Lentils Tolerant to Drought and Salinity Stresses 4.9.3 Transgenic Lentils Tolerant to Sulfonylurea Herbicides 4.10 Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) 4.10.1 Genetic Modification of Pigeonpea 4.10.2 Pod Borer-Resistant Pigeonpea 4.11 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Hybrid Breeding in Food Legumes with Special Reference to Pigeonpea, Faba bean, and Soybean 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Reproductive Biology in Relation to Breeding 5.3 Natural Out-Crossing 5.3.1 Extent of Out-Crossing 5.3.2 Pollinating Insects 5.4 Knowing the Male Sterility Systems 5.4.1 Types of Male Sterility Systems 5.4.2 Male Sterility Systems in Some Important Field Crops 5.4.2.1 Male Sterility in Pigeonpea 5.4.2.2 Male Sterility in Faba Bean 5.4.2.3 Male Sterility in Soybean 5.5 Hybrid Vigour and Its Exploitation in Food Legumes 5.5.1 Expression of hybrid vigour in the three legumes 5.5.1.1 Hybrid Vigour in Pigeonpea 5.5.1.2 Hybrid Vigour in Faba Bean 5.5.1.3 Hybrid Vigour in Soybean 5.6 Hybrid Pigeonpea: A Success Story 5.6.1 The Release of High-Yielding Hybrids 5.6.2 Breeding of A4 CMS System 5.6.3 Large-Scale Production of Hybrid Seed 5.6.4 Molecular Markers-Based Seed Quality Control 5.6.4.1 Seed Quality Control of Female (A-) Line 5.6.4.2 Seed Quality Control of Hybrid Seed 5.6.4.3 Seed Quality Control of Male (R-) Parent 5.6.5 Heterotic Groups in Pigeonpea 5.7 Advantages of Hybrids over Pure-Line Cultivars 5.8 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Biotic Stresses in Food Legumes: An Update and Future Prospects 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Distribution of the Major Diseases in Pulses and Estimated Yield Losses 6.3 Emerging Diseases: An Effect of Climate Change 6.4 Integrated Disease Management (IDM) Practices to Minimize the Damage 6.4.1 Mechanical Management 6.4.2 Cultural Management 6.4.3 Chemical Management 6.4.4 Biological Management 6.5 Resistance Breeding Programme and Multi-Environment Testing 6.6 Breeding Approaches for Developing Resistance in Legumes 6.6.1 Conventional Breeding and Identified Resistant Lines 6.6.2 Wild Resistant Resources for Genetic Improvement of Food Legumes 6.6.3 Molecular Breeding and Genetics of Disease Resistance 6.7 Mutation Breeding 6.8 Genetic Engineering for Disease Resistance 6.9 Policy-Making and Quarantine Approaches 6.10 Future Prediction of Legume Diseases for Plant Quarantine 6.11 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 7: Identification, Evaluation and Utilization of Resistance to Insect Pests in Grain Legumes: Advancement and Restrict... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Extent of Losses Due to Insect Pests in Grain Legumes 7.3 Screening Techniques 7.4 Identification and Utilization of Resistance to Insect Pests 7.4.1 Pigeonpea 7.4.2 Chickpea 7.4.3 Cowpea 7.4.4 Black Gram 7.5 Wild Relatives as Sources of Resistance to Insect Pests 7.6 Resistance Mechanisms of Pod Borers 7.7 Morphological and Biochemical Traits Associated with Insect Resistance 7.7.1 Phenological and Morphological Traits 7.8 Biochemical Traits for Resistance 7.8.1 Nutritional Factors 7.8.2 Secondary Metabolites 7.9 Marker-Assisted Selection 7.10 Transgenic Resistance to Insects 7.11 Potential and Limitations of HPR to Chemical Control in Grain Legumes 7.11.1 Advantages of HPR to Insects 7.11.2 Problems in Breeding for HPR to Insects 7.12 Success of Tolerant Cultivars for Insect Pests 7.13 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Using Crop Modelling to Improve Chickpea Adaptation in Variable Environments 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Stresses Responsible for Low Yield 8.3 The Need for Environmental Characterisation in Chickpea 8.4 Approaches for Environmental Characterisation 8.5 Characterisation of Chickpea Cropping Systems: An Australian Case Study 8.5.1 Agro-Ecological Regions of Chickpea in Northern Australia 8.5.2 Drought Environments and their Implications for Yield 8.5.3 Thermal Environments and their Implication for Yield 8.6 Relevance of Environmental Characterisation 8.7 GxExM Interactions and Optimisation Landscapes 8.8 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Recent Advances in the Agronomy of Food Legumes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Seed Enhancements (Agronomic Approaches) 9.3 Use of Early-Maturing Cultivars (Genetic Enhancement) 9.4 Water Use Efficiency and Irrigation Management 9.5 Fertilizers and Integrated Nutrient Management 9.6 Use of Beneficial Microbes 9.6.1 Mycorrhiza 9.6.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 9.7 Production Systems for Better Productivity 9.7.1 Conservation Agriculture 9.7.2 Development of Precision Agriculture 9.7.3 Organic Farming 9.7.4 Intercropping 9.7.5 Diversification of Cropping Systems 9.8 Plant Protection 9.8.1 Integrated Insect-Pest and Disease Management 9.8.2 Integrated Weed Management 9.9 Integrated Crop Management 9.10 Toward an Innovation Systems Approach 9.11 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Scaling Up Food Legume Production Through Genetic Gain and Improved Management 10.1 Tropical Legumes: Major Food Crops and Current Status 10.2 Enhancing Productivity of Dryland Legumes 10.2.1 Integrated Watershed Management Model 10.2.1.1 Water Management for Drought Proofing 10.2.1.2 Soil Health Mapping and Balanced Nutrients Application 10.2.2 Improved Cultivars with High Genetic Gain 10.2.2.1 Development of Improved Cultivars 10.2.2.2 Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Improved Cultivars Details of Evaluation of Legume Cultivars in Karnataka During 2012 to 2016 10.3 Agronomic Innovations for Enhancing Productivity and Production 10.3.1 Cropping Systems Management and Length of Growing Period (LGP) 10.3.2 Land Resources Inventory for Selection of Legumes-Based Cropping System 10.3.3 Selection of Cropping Systems 10.3.4 Choosing Appropriate Sowing Window and Seed Rate 10.3.5 Seed Treatment 10.3.6 Crop Water Requirement and Water Management 10.3.7 Weeding and Intercultural Operations 10.3.8 Crop Diversification 10.3.9 Crop Intensification 10.3.9.1 Crop Intensification Through Rainy Season Fallow Management 10.3.9.2 Rice-Fallow Management for Crop Intensification 10.3.10 Weed Management 10.4 Empowering Farmers Through Knowledge, Science, and Technology 10.4.1 Identifying Suitable Land for Crop Cultivation 10.4.2 Weather-Based Agro-advisories 10.4.3 Irrigation-Based on Crop Water Requirement 10.4.4 Information and Communication Tools for Information Dissemination 10.5 Legumes: Key Component in Doubling Farmers ́ Incomes 10.6 Legumes and Sustainable Development References Index