Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders (New Gender Mainstreaming in Development Series)

this Book Explores The Issue Of Gender Inequality Through The Lens Of The Millennium Development Goals, Particularly The First One Of Halving World Poverty By 2015. The Book Aims To Bring Together Arguments, Findings And Lessons From The Development Literature Which Are Relevant To The Achievement Of These Goals From The Standpoint Of Gender Equality. It Draws Out The Inter-connections Between Production And Gender (and Women's Critical Role In Straddling Both) And Their Implications For Poverty Eradication Strategies And The Achievement Of Human-centred Economic Growth. Contents 6 Abbreviations 12 Foreword 14 Executive Summary 18 1. Gender, Poverty and Development Policy 26 Introduction 26 A Brief History of Poverty Reduction Policies 29 Up to the 1960s: Early strategies for growth 29 1970s and 1980s: Economic crises and structural adjustment 29 1990s: Reports from the World Bank and UNDP 30 2000: World Development Report (WDR) 31 The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 32 Putting Gender on the Policy Agenda 36 1970s and 1980s: Making the links between gender and development 36 Gender and the 1990 World Development Report 39 Gender and the Human Development Report (HDR) 40 Gender and the 2000 World Development Report 42 The World Bank's 2001 report 42 Gender and the Millennium Development Goals 44 Conclusion 46 2. Integrating Gender into Macroeconomic Analysis 48 Introduction 48 Gender Bias in Macroeconomic Analysis 48 Early models of economic growth 49 The gender bias in macroeconomic analysis 51 Making models less gender-blind 57 Gender and micro-economic responses 58 Institutions and actors in a gendered economy 60 Empirical Findings 61 The impact of macro-level policy 61 Gender and 'computable general equilibrium' (CGE) models 63 Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Competing Hypotheses 64 a. The 'positive synergy' hypothesis 66 b. The 'trade-off' hypothesis 67 Conclusion 69 3. The Geography of Gender Inequality 72 Introduction 72 Institutions and Gender Inequality 75 Regional Perspectives on Gender Inequality 76 Asia 77 Sub-Saharan Africa 80 Latin America and the Caribbean 82 Updating the Geography of Gender 83 Globalisation and the rise of flexible labour markets 84 Gender and labour force participation in the 1980s and 1990s 87 Gender and hierarchies in the labour market 97 Classifying Gender Constraints 99 Conclusion 101 4. Approaches to Poverty Analysis and its Gender Dimensions 104 Introduction 104 The Poverty Line Approach 104 Separating the poor from the non-poor 104 Female-headed households and the 'feminisation of poverty' 106 The Capabilities Approach 108 Expanding the concepts of 'means' and 'ends' 108 Gender inequality and human development 109 Gender inequality and the GDI indicators 112 Male disadvantage 118 Summary 120 Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) 121 Poverty from the perspective of the poor 121 Participatory assessments and gender 124 Limitations of participatory assessments 126 Conclusion 129 5. Gender Inequality and Poverty Eradication: Promoting Household Livelihoods 132 Introduction 132 Gender Inequality and Household Poverty in South Asia 133 Women's work and household survival 133 The gender distribution of work in rural areas 134 Household poverty and women's paid work 137 Gender and work in urban areas 140 Household poverty and women's work in urban areas 142 Gender Inequality and Household Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa 145 Gender and economic activity in the rural economy 147 Household poverty and women's economic activity 152 Gender and economic activity in the urban economy 157 Links Between Gender Inequality and Income Poverty: The Wider Picture 160 Women's work and household survival 161 Women's work and household responses to crisis 162 Female headship and household poverty 164 Gender inequality and returns to women's work 167 Conclusion 169 6. Gender Equality and Human Development Outcomes: Enhancing Capabilities 172 Introduction 172 Gender Inequality and Human Development: The Equity Rationale 173 Gender inequality and basic well-being 173 Gender inequality and child survival: the evidence from South Asia 174 Gender inequality and the quantity-quality trade-off 177 Gender inequality, work burdens and nutrition 179 Gender inequality and hazardous livelihoods 182 Gender Inequality and Family Well-being: The Instrumental Rationale 185 Gender, resources and children's well-being: the social connections 186 Gender, resources and family welfare: preferences and priorities 187 Conclusion 191 7. Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment 194 Introduction 194 Conceptualising Empowerment: Agency, Resources and Achievement 195 Access to Education and Women's Empowerment 200 Positive effects of education 200 Limits to education as a route to empowerment 202 Access to Paid Work and Women's Empowerment 206 Waged work in the agricultural sector 206 Waged work in the non-agricultural sector 207 Voice, Participation and Women's Empowerment 210 Women in national parliaments 210 Women in local government 213 Agency and Collective Action: Building Citizenship from the Grassroots 215 Conclusion 218 8. Institutionalising Gender Equity Goals in the Policy Process 222 Introduction 222 Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Synergy or Trade-off? 222 Gender equality and pro-poor growth: synergy or trade-off? 225 The effects of economic growth on gender equality 227 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs): A Gender Audit 229 The content and process of PRSPs 229 Gender issues in the PRSPs 230 Gender inequalities in voice, power and influence in the PRSPs 234 Some lessons from the PRSP experience 235 Sectoral strategies for poverty reduction 241 Gender-responsive Budget (GRB) Analysis 245 National experiences of GRBs 248 Policy options highlighted by GRB analysis 249 Mainstreaming Gender in Policy-making Institutions 250 The Gender Management System (GMS) 251 Mobilising around Gender Equity Goals: Building Active Citizenship 254 Conclusion 257 Select Bibliography 260 Glossary 268 Contents......Page 6 Abbreviations......Page 12 Foreword......Page 14 Executive Summary......Page 18 Introduction......Page 26 1970s and 1980s: Economic crises and structural adjustment......Page 29 1990s: Reports from the World Bank and UNDP......Page 30 2000: World Development Report (WDR)......Page 31 The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)......Page 32 1970s and 1980s: Making the links between gender and development......Page 36 Gender and the 1990 World Development Report......Page 39 Gender and the Human Development Report (HDR)......Page 40 The World Bank's 2001 report......Page 42 Gender and the Millennium Development Goals......Page 44 Conclusion......Page 46 Gender Bias in Macroeconomic Analysis......Page 48 Early models of economic growth......Page 49 The gender bias in macroeconomic analysis......Page 51 Making models less gender-blind......Page 57 Gender and micro-economic responses......Page 58 Institutions and actors in a gendered economy......Page 60 The impact of macro-level policy......Page 61 Gender and 'computable general equilibrium' (CGE) models......Page 63 Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Competing Hypotheses......Page 64 a. The 'positive synergy' hypothesis......Page 66 b. The 'trade-off' hypothesis......Page 67 Conclusion......Page 69 Introduction......Page 72 Institutions and Gender Inequality......Page 75 Regional Perspectives on Gender Inequality......Page 76 Asia......Page 77 Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 80 Latin America and the Caribbean......Page 82 Updating the Geography of Gender......Page 83 Globalisation and the rise of flexible labour markets......Page 84 Gender and labour force participation in the 1980s and 1990s......Page 87 Gender and hierarchies in the labour market......Page 97 Classifying Gender Constraints......Page 99 Conclusion......Page 101 Separating the poor from the non-poor......Page 104 Female-headed households and the 'feminisation of poverty'......Page 106 Expanding the concepts of 'means' and 'ends'......Page 108 Gender inequality and human development......Page 109 Gender inequality and the GDI indicators......Page 112 Male disadvantage......Page 118 Summary......Page 120 Poverty from the perspective of the poor......Page 121 Participatory assessments and gender......Page 124 Limitations of participatory assessments......Page 126 Conclusion......Page 129 Introduction......Page 132 Women's work and household survival......Page 133 The gender distribution of work in rural areas......Page 134 Household poverty and women's paid work......Page 137 Gender and work in urban areas......Page 140 Household poverty and women's work in urban areas......Page 142 Gender Inequality and Household Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 145 Gender and economic activity in the rural economy......Page 147 Household poverty and women's economic activity......Page 152 Gender and economic activity in the urban economy......Page 157 Links Between Gender Inequality and Income Poverty: The Wider Picture......Page 160 Women's work and household survival......Page 161 Women's work and household responses to crisis......Page 162 Female headship and household poverty......Page 164 Gender inequality and returns to women's work......Page 167 Conclusion......Page 169 Introduction......Page 172 Gender inequality and basic well-being......Page 173 Gender inequality and child survival: the evidence from South Asia......Page 174 Gender inequality and the quantity-quality trade-off......Page 177 Gender inequality, work burdens and nutrition......Page 179 Gender inequality and hazardous livelihoods......Page 182 Gender Inequality and Family Well-being: The Instrumental Rationale......Page 185 Gender, resources and children's well-being: the social connections......Page 186 Gender, resources and family welfare: preferences and priorities......Page 187 Conclusion......Page 191 Introduction......Page 194 Conceptualising Empowerment: Agency, Resources and Achievement......Page 195 Positive effects of education......Page 200 Limits to education as a route to empowerment......Page 202 Waged work in the agricultural sector......Page 206 Waged work in the non-agricultural sector......Page 207 Women in national parliaments......Page 210 Women in local government......Page 213 Agency and Collective Action: Building Citizenship from the Grassroots......Page 215 Conclusion......Page 218 Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Synergy or Trade-off?......Page 222 Gender equality and pro-poor growth: synergy or trade-off?......Page 225 The effects of economic growth on gender equality......Page 227 The content and process of PRSPs......Page 229 Gender issues in the PRSPs......Page 230 Gender inequalities in voice, power and influence in the PRSPs......Page 234 Some lessons from the PRSP experience......Page 235 Sectoral strategies for poverty reduction......Page 241 Gender-responsive Budget (GRB) Analysis......Page 245 National experiences of GRBs......Page 248 Policy options highlighted by GRB analysis......Page 249 Mainstreaming Gender in Policy-making Institutions......Page 250 The Gender Management System (GMS)......Page 251 Mobilising around Gender Equity Goals: Building Active Citizenship......Page 254 Conclusion......Page 257 Select Bibliography......Page 260 Glossary......Page 268 In this book, Naila Kabeer brings together a diverse set of arguments, findings, and lessons from the development literature that help to explain why gender equality merits specific attention from policy-makers, practitioners, researchers, and other stakeholders committed to the pursuit of pro-poor and human-centred development. All over the world, women from poor households play a more critical role in income-earning and expenditure-saving activities that do women from better-off households, and these activities are concentrated in the informal economy. In the past decades, the relationship between household poverty and women’s paid activity has become stronger, partly in response to economic crises and the “push” into the labour market and partly in response to new opportunities generated by globalization. Improving women’s access to economic opportunities and enhancing returns on their efforts, therefore, will be central to the goal of poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This book explores the issue of gender inequality through the lens of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly the first one of halving world poverty by 2015." "In this book, Naila Kabeer brings together a set of arguments, findings and lessons from the development literature which help to explain why gender equality merits specific attention from policy-makers, practitioners, researchers and other stakeholders committed to the pursuit of pro-poor and human-centred development." "Neglect of gender inequalities in the distribution of resources, responsibilities and power in the processes of economic accumulation and social reproduction has a high cost, not only for women themselves but also for their children and other dependents and for the development of society as a whole. This book highlights the interconnections between production and reproduction within different societies, and women's critical role in straddling both, and points to the various synergies, trade-offs and externalities which these generate."--Jacket