Gender, Health and Healthcare : Women’s and Men’s Experience of Health and Working in Healthcare Roles

Health status and the experience of working in health care roles are both strongly shaped by gender and, although there have been attempts to incorporate ’gender awareness’ in both health and employment policies, the significance of gender in these areas continues to be marginalised within public debates and academic discourses. Taking a social constructionist perspective, Watts considers the ways in which gender impacts upon health in all its elements including access, technology, professionalisation, health promotion and health as an important sector of the labour market. She discusses gender as a developing and diversified category, exploring ideas about masculinity and the fluidity of gender boundaries in determining individual identity. Chapters that follow discuss men’s and women’s health; ideology of gender and health, specifically exploring different social norms and ideas about male and female health and the dominant ideological association between femaleness and caring; working for health with particular focus on the gendered interplay of caring and curing roles; technology and changes to gender, health and healthcare; health promotion as a gendered activity and, finally, the importance of introducing an intersectional approach beyond gender to articulate a deeper understanding of health in a postmodern context. The concluding chapter draws together these themes to underscore the importance of placing gender at the centre of health and health care delivery to fully take account of both the different life and health experiences of men and women and the gendered dimensions of working in health care. Cover About the pagination of this eBook Half Title: Women’s Healthcare in Advanced Practice Nursing Author Bio Book Title: Women’s Healthcare in Advanced Practice Nursing Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Springer Publishing Resources Part 1: Lives and Health for Women and Minoritized Gender Persons Chapter 1: Women and Their Health SOCIAL CONTEXT FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF WOMEN’S HEALTH REFERENCES Chapter 2: Women and Healthcare Workforce: Caregivers and Consumers WOMEN AND HEALTHCARE IN THE UNITED STATES HEALTHCARE WORKFORCE: GLOBAL AND IN THE UNITED STATES U.S. HEALTH WORKFORCE: OCCUPATIONS and PROVIDERS WOMEN IN THE U.S. WORKFORCE WOMEN AS PATIENTS ALIGNING POPULATION NEEDS WITH HEALTH WORKFORCE AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, AND CAPACITY: A FOCU HEALTHCARE WORKFORCE DRIVERS AND DISPARITIES: INTERSECTIONS OF GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, ECONOMIC S FUTURE DIRECTIONS: WHAT IS BEING DONE AND WHAT SHOULD BE DONE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES Chapter 3: Women and Healthcare* SEX, GENDER, AND HEALTHCARE FOR WOMEN SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER BIAS, AND HEALTHCARE WOMEN’S HEALTH SCHOLARSHIP AND RESEARCH SEX AND GENDER CONTENT IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS CURRICULA HEALTHCARE FOR WOMEN: NEW MODELS Toward Gender-Sensitive healthcare NATIONAL POLICY AND WOMEN’S HEALTHCARE GLOBAL POLICY AND WOMEN’S HEALTHCARE REFERENCES Chapter 4: Oppression, Racism, Income Inequity, and Women’s Health Outcomes SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND ROOT CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES THE IMPACT OF RACISM INTERSECTIONALITY AS A LENS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH DISCUSSION FUTURE DIRECTIONS: A FOCUS ON SOCIAL JUSTICE ADDITIONAL CHAPTER RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 5: Legal Issues in Women’s Healthcare SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT DISCUSSION REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY DRUG USE IN PREGNANCY LEGAL ISSUES IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FUTURE DIRECTIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 6: Seeing the Whole: Feminist Theory as a Model for Patient Care INTRODUCTION WHY FEMINISM IS AN IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WHEN PROVIDING HEALTHCARE SERVICES ORIGINS OF FEMINIST THEORY INTERSECTIONALITY USING THEORY TO GUIDE PRACTICE COMPETENCIES FOR ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING FUTURE DIRECTIONS SUMMARY REFERENCES Part 2: Health Promotion and Prevention Chapter 7: Women’s Bodies, Women’s Health* WOMEN’S BODIES WOMEN’S ANATOMY ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT PUBERTY WOMEN’S UNIQUE CYCLES: THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE WOMEN’S CYCLES: HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE MENOPAUSE BEYOND REPRODUCTION: SEX-BASED BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIAL AND MINORITIZED POPULATIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS WEB/SMART PHONE/CLINICAL GUIDELINES/BOOK RESOURCES FOR PROFESSIONALS REFERENCES Chapter 8: Young Women’s Health AN OVERVIEW OF ADOLESCENCE IN THE UNITED STATES RISK FACTORS ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT HEALTH SERVICES FOR ADOLESCENTS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND LABORATORY SCREENING REFERENCES Chapter 9: Midlife Women’s Health* MIDLIFE: DEFINITIONS, PERCEPTIONS, AND TRANSITIONS THE TRANSITION TO POSTMENOPAUSE CHANGING BIOLOGY: THE TRANSITION TO POSTMENOPAUSE AND BEYOND THE TRANSITION TO POSTMENOPAUSE AND HEALTHY AGING HEALTH PROMOTION FOR MIDLIFE WOMEN FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 10: Older Women’s Health* DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS CONTEXTS OF OLDER WOMEN’S LIVES AGE-RELATED PHYSICAL CHANGES SELECTED HEALTH ISSUES FOR OLDER WOMEN HEALTHY AGING/HEALTH PROMOTION RECOMMENDED SCREENING SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter11: Well Women’s Health* COMPONENTS OF A WELL-WOMAN VISIT SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS SUMMARY FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 12: Mental Health* INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL ILLNESS ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL ILLNESS RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS REPRODUCTIVE LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS OF SPECIFIC MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS AND MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS MENTAL HEALTH DISPARITIES COVID-19 PHENOMENON FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 13; Nutrition for Women THE NUTRIENTS-A BRIEF REVIEW REVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL NEEDS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE PREGNANCY LACTATION NUTRITION-RELATED CONCERNS OF WOMEN NUTRITION AND HEALTH PROMOTION FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 14: Healthy Practices: Physical Activity Physical Activity, Exercise, And Fitness RISK FACTORS AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO EXERCISE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR PROMOTING EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS INTERVENTIONS/STRATEGIES FOR RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY THE CONTROVERSY OF TRANSGENDER ATHLETES IN COMPETITION FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 15: Healthy Practices: Sleep* WHAT IS SLEEP? ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF SLEEP DISRUPTIONS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND RISK FACTORS FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESOURCES APPENDIX 15A. MEDICATIONS USED IN SLEEP DISORDERS REFERENCES Chapter 16: Genetics and Women’s Health OVERVIEW OF THE REACH OF GENETICS AND CLINICAL CARE GENETIC AND GENOMIC COMPETENCIES FOR NURSES SEX, GENDER, AND GENETICS GENETICS AND TRANSGENDER CONSIDERATIONS WOMEN AS GATEKEEPERS OF FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY AND HEALTH FAMILY HISTORY AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING RISK SCENARIOS SUMMARY REFERENCES CHAPTER 17: Women and the Workplace SYSTEMIC INFLUENCES ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Addressing Work-Related Adverse Health Outcomes REFERENCES Chapter 18: Health Considerations for Women Caregivers* WOMEN AS CAREGIVERS FACTORS AFFECTING CAREGIVERS’ HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION: A FRAMEWORK Caregiver Burden HEALTH EFFECTS OF CAREGIVING ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTIONS FOR CAREGIVERS: CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE CAREGIVER HEALTH SUPPORT SERVICES AND RELATED ISSUES REFERENCES Chapter 19: Women’s Sexual Health* SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL HEALTH WOMEN’S SEXUAL RESPONSE SEXUALITY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL HEALTH SEXUAL HEALTHCARE SEXUAL HEALTHCARE INTERVENTIONS SEXUAL HEALTH CHALLENGES SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 20: Primary Care of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals* REVIEW OF TOPIC ETIOLOGY RISK FACTORS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR RISK REDUCTION FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 21: Fertility Self-Management and Shared Management HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS PRESCRIPTION HORMONAL AND OVER-THE-COUNTER METHODS INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTION CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS INTRAUTERINE DEVICES STERILIZATION SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 22: Preconception Counseling* PRECONCEPTION CARE UNINTENDED PREGNANCY PLANNED PREGNANCY AND RISK SCREENING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH BIRTH DEFECTS Preconception Health and Lifestyle Risk SCREENING CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS AS TERATOGENS GENETICS Intimate Partner Violence EMERGING TOPICS: CLINICAL GUIDELINES, EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FERTILITY PRESERVATION (LGBTQIA+ INDICATIONS) SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 23: Prenatal Care and Anticipating Birth PRENATAL CARE FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Part 3: Managing Symptoms and Health Considerations Chapter 24: Breast Health Considerations* DEFINITION AND SCOPE BENIGN BREAST CONDITIONS BREAST ASSESSMENT BREAST CANCER REFERENCES Chapter 25: Caring for the Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Patient*†‡ BARRIERS TO HEALTHCARE GENDER INCONGRUENCE AND GENDER DYSPHORIA MEDICAL TRANSITION MASCULINIZING GENDER-AFFIRMING HORMONE THERAPY FEMINIZING GENDER-AFFIRMING HORMONE THERAPY GENERAL HEALTHCARE MAINTENANCE CANCER SCREENING FERTILITY CARE GENDER-AFFIRMING SURGERY CARE FUTURE DIRECTIONS transgender and gender diverse RESOURCES FOR PROFESSIONALS REFERENCES Chapter 26: Sexual Health Problems and Dysfunctions* NORMAL SEXUAL RESPONSE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION SEXUAL HEALTH CHALLENGES FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 27: Vulvar and Vaginal Health* EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY BENIGN DISORDERS OF THE VAGINA NEOPLASTIC VAGINAL DISEASE BENIGN DISORDERS OF THE VULVA NEOPLASTIC VULVAR DISEASE Special Populations At Risk For Vaginal And Vulvar Cancers FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 28: Perimenstrual and Pelvic Symptoms and Syndromes* FEDERATION OF GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS NOMENCLATURE AND PALM-COEIN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM MENSTRUAL CYCLE ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AMENORRHEA PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME and PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER MENSTRUAL MIGRAINES DYSMENORRHEA FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 29: Urologic and Pelvic Floor Health Problems PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE PAINFUL BLADDER SYNDROME/INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS CYSTITIS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 30: Sexually Transmitted Infections* DEFINITION AND SCOPE ETIOLOGY RISK FACTORS IMPACT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS SPECIAL POPULATIONS PREVENTION SCREENING AND DETECTION CARING FOR A PERSON WITH A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION CERVICITIS PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE ULCERATIVE GENITAL INFECTION DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY VAGINAL DISCHARGE ECTOPARASITIC INFECTIONS HEPATITIS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 31: Women and Hiv/Aids* DEFINITION AND SCOPE SOCIAL CONTEXT EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV NATURAL HISTORY AND HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION HIV STAGING AND PROGRESSION TRANSMISSION FACTORS FACILITATING TRANSMISSION RISK FACTORS FOR HIV PREVENTION TREATMENT OF HIV IN WOMEN SPECIAL POPULATIONS SUMMARY FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 32: Human Papillomavirus ANOGENITAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS-RELATED DISEASE ANAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS-RELATED DISEASE SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 33: Gynecologic Cancers* WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE WITH GYNECOLOGIC CANCER IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY CARE RELATED TO GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS ACCESS TO AND USE OF WOMEN’S HEALTH SERVICES DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS Occurrence, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Cancers of the Female Genital Tract by Site PRIMARY CARE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS PROMOTING PREVENTION OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS IN PRIMARY CARE GENETIC traits and testing FOR GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS SURVEILLANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT DURING TREATMENT FOR GYNECOLOGIC CANCER SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT FOR SURVIVORS OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCER END-OF-LIFE CONSIDERATIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES ADDITIONAL READING Chapter 34: Menopause* DEFINITION AND SCOPE ETIOLOGY FACTORS AFFECTING THE TIMING OF MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 35: Osteoporosis* DEFINITION ETIOLOGY RISK FACTORS SYMPTOMS EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSiS DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 36: Pregnancy Decision-Making and Supportive Care* DEFINITIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT ABORTION POSTABORTION CARE SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PROVIDING PREGNANCY DECISION SUPPORT AND ABORTION CARE SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 37: Infertility DEFINITION AND SCOPE PREVALENCE ETIOLOGY HEALTH ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILE COUPLES TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS FOR INFERTILITY ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR HARVESTING SPERM OOCYTES AND GENETICS MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE INFERTILE COUPLE REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND ETHICS FERTILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR special populations SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 38: High-Risk Childbearing* HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY FACTORS TERATOGENESIS AND EXPOSURES Prenatal Screening and Testing Options Carrier Screening INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN PREGNANCY RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS MATERNAL CONDITIONS ADVANCED MATERNAL AGE HYPERTENSION DIABETES Obesity Thyroid Disease CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS PREGNANCY CONDITIONS PRETERM LABOR AND BIRTH GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, PREECLAMPSIA, HELLP, ECLAMPSIA FETAL CONDITIONS ABNORMAL PLACENTATION (CESAREAN SCAR PREGNANCY, PLACENTA ACCRETA SPECTRUM) OTHER ULTRASOUND FINDINGS: PLACENTA PREVIA, VASA PREVIA, VELAMENTOUS CORD INSERTION, MARGINAL COR STILLBIRTH Professional CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES Chapter 39: Intrapartum and Postpartum Care*†‡ INTRAPARTUM CARE COMPLICATIONS IN LABOR CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS POSTPARTUM CARE SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 40: Mental Health Challenges MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS ANXIETY DISORDERS MOOD DISORDERS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS EATING DISORDERS SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 41: Substance Abuse and Women* DEFINITION AND SCOPE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT TREATMENT MANAGEMENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED MEDICATIONS FOR TREATING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 42: Gender-Based Violence and Women’s Health DEFINITION AND SCOPE (INCIDENCE/PREVALENCE) HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE HEALTHCARE USAGE AND PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT REFERENCES Chapter 43: Cardiovascular Disease in Women* DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DIAGNOSES FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 44: Endocrine-Related Problems* HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY RELATIONSHIPS THYROID DISORDERS PARATHYROID DISEASE METABOLIC SYNDROME DIABETES HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND DISORDERS ADRENAL DISORDERS HIRSUTISM FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 45: Chronic Illness and Women DEFINITION AND SCOPE ETIOLOGY TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ILLNESS SELECTED CHRONIC ILLNESSES RHEUMATIC DISORDERS HEADACHES/MIGRAINES FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 46: Care of Women with Disabilities BACKGROUND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH POLICIES, AND SOCIOECONOMIC HARDSHIP RACE AND ETHNICITY FACTORS AMONG WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES RISK FOR HEALTH DECLINE AMONG WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES SUMMARY REFERENCES Index "Health status and the experience of working in healthcare roles are both strongly shaped by gender and, although there have been attempts to incorporate 'gender awareness' in both health and employment policies, the significance of gender in these areas continues to be marginalised within public debates and academic discourses. Taking a social constructionist perspective, Dr. Watts considers the ways in which gender impacts upon health in all its elements including access, technology, professionalisation, health promotion and health as an important sector of the labour market. She discusses gender as a developing and diversified category, exploring ideas about masculinity and the fluidity of gender boundaries in determining individual identity. Chapters that follow discuss men's and women's health; ideology of gender and health, specifically exploring different social norms and ideas about male and female health and the dominant ideological association between femaleness and caring; working for health with particular focus on the gendered interplay of caring and curing roles; technology and changes to gender, health and healthcare; health promotion as a gendered activity and, finally, the importance of introducing an intersectional approach beyond gender to articulate a deeper understanding of health in a postmodern context. The concluding chapter draws together these themes to underscore the importance of placing gender at the centre of health and healthcare delivery to fully take account of both the different life and health experiences of men and women and the gendered dimensions of working in healthcare."-- Back cover