Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus: A Macro-micro Approach (Equity and Development Series)

This volume introduces the gender dimension in the empirical analyses on the links between trade and poverty. Gender disparities, an important component of overall inequality, may limit the gains from trade and the potential benefits to poor people. This view is supported by the robust finding that while growth (as well as the gains from trade) is the major vehicle of lifting people out of poverty, it is more likely to be pro-poor when initial inequality is low. High inequality directly lowers the rate of poverty reduction by hindering growth. Ample evidence shows that, in spite of recent improvements, there are still large gender disparities in access to education, health, credit, and other resources. These disparities create inequality traps for women and lower growth in the aggregate. Trade liberalization can create economic opportunities but because of their different endowments, control over resources, access to labor markets and their different roles within the households, women and men cannot uniformly take advantage of these opportunities. 9780821377628......Page 1 Contents......Page 2 Foreword......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Contributors......Page 14 Abbreviations......Page 16 1 Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus: Introduction and Overview......Page 18 2 The Gender Effects of Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature......Page 42 Part I. The Macro Approach: Social Accounting Matrices and Computable General Equilibrium Models of Trade, Gender, and Poverty......Page 68 3 Oil Price Shocks, Poverty, and Gender: A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis for Kenya......Page 70 4 Exports and Labor Income by Gender: A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis for Senegal......Page 98 5 Trade, Growth, and Gender in Developing Countries: A Comparison of Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda......Page 128 Part II. The Micro Approach: Household Models of Trade, Gender, and Poverty......Page 180 6 Higher Prices of Export Crops, Intrahousehold Inequality, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal......Page 182 7 More Coffee, More Cigarettes? Coffee Market Liberalization, Gender, and Bargaining in Uganda......Page 202 8 Gender Impacts of Agricultural Liberalization: Evidence from Ghana......Page 234 9 Can Maquila Booms Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Honduras......Page 264 Index......Page 288 1.1 Trade and Poverty Links......Page 21 3.1 Change in Cost of Living as a Result of a 25 Percent Increase in Oil Price, by Gender and Poverty Status, 2001 Kenya SAM......Page 83 3.2 Price Changes and Contribution to Change in Cost of Living for Nonpoor and Ultrapoor Households as a Result of a 25 Percent Increase in Oil Price, 2001 Kenya SAM......Page 84 3.5 Price Multiplier Decomposition......Page 85 4.1 Shares of Male and Female Workers in Senegal, by Sector, 2002......Page 108 4.2 Ratio of Female to Male Workers in Senegal, by Sector, 1995 and 2002......Page 109 4.3 Impact of a 1 Percent Change in Aggregate Exports on Male Labor and Labor Elasticity in Senegal, by Sector......Page 116 4.4 Impact of a 1 Percent Change in Aggregate Exports on Female Labor and Labor Elasticity in Senegal, by Sector......Page 118 4.5 Relative Impact of a 1 Percent Change in Aggregate Exports on Labor Income of Males and Females in Senegal, by Sector......Page 119 4.6 Relative Impact of a 1 Percent Change in Aggregate Exports on Labor Income of Rural and Urban Workers in Senegal, by Sector......Page 120 4.7 Relative Impact of a 1 Percent Change in Aggregate Exports on Labor Income of Illiterate and Literate Workers in Senegal, by Sector......Page 121 6.1 Estimated Education Expenditure Effect of a 10 Percent Increase in Groundnut Income......Page 195 9.1 Trade Openness in Honduras, 1990–2006......Page 266 9.2 Composition of Exports in Honduras, 1990–2006......Page 268 9.3 Percentage of Total Poverty Headcount Attributable to Various Factors......Page 281 1.1 Global Gender Disparities in Education......Page 19 3.1 Technical Coefficients for the 2001 Kenya SAM......Page 78 3.2 Sources of Income and Expenditure, by Location, Level of Poverty, and Gender, Kenya SAM 2001......Page 79 3.3 Impact of Exogenous Increase of 25 Percent in the Price of Oil on Prices, by Sector, 2001 Kenya SAM......Page 81 3.4 Impact on Cost of Living of a 25 Percent Increase in Oil Prices, 2001 Kenya SAM......Page 82 4.1 Schematic Social Accounting Matrix......Page 102 4.2 Sectoral Analysis for the 2004 Senegal SAM......Page 104 4.3 Female and Male Employment in Senegal, by Sector, 2002......Page 107 4.4 Average Monthly Earnings by Females and Males in Senegal, 1995......Page 110 4.5 Labor Income Shares and Labor Intensity of Females and Males in Senegal, by Sector, 2002......Page 111 4.6 Female Labor Income Share and Labor Intensity in Senegal SAM, by Sector, 2004......Page 112 4.7 Effect of Exogenous Demand Shock of CFAF 1,000 Million on Labor in Senegal, by Sector and Population Segment, 2004......Page 113 4.8 Share of Total Multiplier Effect Caused by Indirect Effects in Senegal, by Sector and Population Segment, 2004......Page 115 5.1 Summary of Base SAMs in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda......Page 141 5.2 Initial Sectoral Shares, Ratios, and Tariffs in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda......Page 144 5.3 Trade and Production Responses to Trade Liberalization in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda, by Sector......Page 145 5.4 Factor Market and Household Income Effects of Trade Liberalization in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda......Page 149 5.5 Average Increase in Growth in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda as a Result of Trade Liberalization......Page 156 5.6 Average Increase in Female Wage Gap in Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda as a Result of Trade Liberalization......Page 159 6.1 Summary Statistics......Page 191 6.2 Estimates of the Determinants of Consumption Shares in Senegal......Page 192 6.3 Difference in Preferences, Bargaining Power, and Welfare Levels, by Expenditure Category......Page 196 7.1 Estimated Impact of Increased Share of Coffee Income on Expenditure Patterns in Uganda, 1992–2006......Page 210 7.2 Control over Agricultural Output on Coffee and Noncoffee Farms in Uganda, 2005/06......Page 211 7.3 Impact of Bargaining Proxies on Coffee Yields in Uganda, 1999/2000 and 2005/06......Page 212 7A.1 Engel-Curve Estimates for 1992/93......Page 215 7A.2 Engel-Curve Estimates for 1999/2000......Page 217 7A.3 Engel-Curve Estimates for 2005/06......Page 219 7A.4 Comparable Coffee Yield Estimates for 1999/2000 and 2005/06......Page 221 7A.5 Results of Augmented Yield Equation for 2005/06......Page 223 7A.6 Results of Labor Input per Acre Equations......Page 225 8.1 Cocoa Farming among Female- and Male-Headed Farm Households, 1991 and 1998......Page 243 8.2 Changes in Predicted Cocoa Participation Probabilities......Page 246 8.3 Impact of Cocoa Share and Other Bargaining Power Proxies on Expenditure Patterns: Engel-Curve Estimations for the Full Sample, 1991 and 1998......Page 251 8.4 Impact of Cocoa Share and Other Bargaining Power Proxies on Expenditure Patterns: Engel-Curve Estimations for a Reduced Sample of Male-Headed Rural Households with One Spouse, 1991 and 1998......Page 252 8A.1 Cocoa Participation Estimations, 1991 and 1998......Page 253 8A.2 Results for Engel-Curve Estimations, 1991 (Full Sample)......Page 255 8A.3 Results for Engel-Curve Estimations, 1998 (Full Sample)......Page 257 9.1 Dynamic Performance of the Maquila Sector in Honduras, 1990–2006......Page 267 9.2 Poverty Headcount Ratio and Gini Coefficient in Honduras, 1991–2006......Page 269 9.3 Maquila Performance and National Poverty Rates, 1991–2006......Page 270 9.4 Labor Participation and the Maquila Contribution, 1991–2006......Page 271 9.5 Wage Premia by Subgroup......Page 273 9.6 Regression Results......Page 275 9.7 Wage Premium Results from Specification 2......Page 277 9.8 Estimated Poverty Headcounts in the Absence of Maquila Effects, 1991–2006......Page 280 Gender Aspects Of The Trade And Poverty Nexus : An Introduction And Overview / Maurizio Bussolo And Rafael E. De Hoyos -- The Gender Effects Of Trade Liberalization In Developing Countries : A Review Of The Literature / Marzia Fontana -- Oil Price Shocks, Poverty And Gender : A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis For Kenya / Jean-pascal Nganou, Juan Carlos Parra, And Quentin Wodon -- Exports And Labor Income By Gender : A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis For Senegal / Ismael Fofana, Juan Carlos Parra, And Quentin Wodon -- Trade, Growth, And Gender In Developing Countries : A Comparison Of Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, And Uganda / John Cockburn ... [et Al.] -- Higher Prices Of Export Crops, Intrahousehold Inequality, And Human Capital Accumulation In Senegal / Maurizio Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos, And Quentin Wodon -- More Coffee, More Cigarettes? Coffee Market Liberalization, Gender, And Bargaining In Uganda / Jennifer Golan And Jann Lay -- Gender Impacts Of Agricultural Liberalization : Evidence From Ghana / Charles Ackah And Jann Lay -- Can Maquila Booms Reduce Poverty? Evidence From Honduras / Rafael E. De Hoyos, Maurizio Bussolo, And Oscar Núñez. Gender Aspects Of The Trade And Poverty Nexus : An Introduction And Overview / Maurizio Bussolo And Rafael E. De Hoyos -- The Gender Effects Of Trade Liberalization In Developing Countries : A Review Of The Literature / Marzia Fontana -- Oil Price Shocks, Poverty And Gender : A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis For Kenya / Jean-pascal Nganou, Juan Carlos Parra, And Quentin Wodon -- Exports And Labor Income By Gender : A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis For Senegal / Ismael Fofana, Juan Carlos Parra, And Quentin Wodon -- Trade, Growth, And Gender In Developing Countries : A Comparison Of Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, And Uganda / John Cockburn ... [et Al.] -- Higher Prices Of Export Crops, Intrahousehold Inequality, And Human Capital Accumulation In Senegal / Maurizio Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos, And Quentin Wodon -- More Coffee, More Cigarettes? Coffee Market Liberalization, Gender, And Bargaining In Uganda / Jennifer Golan And Jann Lay -- Gender Impacts Of Agricultural Liberalization : Evidence From Ghana / Charles Ackah And Jann Lay -- Can Maquila Booms Reduce Poverty? Evidence From Honduras / Rafael E. De Hoyos, Maurizio Bussolo, And Oscar Núñez. Maurizio Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Gender aspects of the trade and poverty nexus : an introduction and overview / Maurizio Bussolo and Rafael E. De Hoyos The gender effects of trade liberalization in developing countries : a review of the literature / Marzia Fontana Oil price shocks, poverty and gender : a social accounting matrix analysis for Kenya / Jean-Pascal Nganou, Juan Carlos Parra, and Quentin Wodon Exports, labor, gender and poverty : a social accounting matrix analysis for Senegal / Ismael Fofana, Juan Carlos Parra Osorio and Quentin Wodon Macroeconomic and gender impacts of trade liberalization and growth in developing countries : a comparison of Ghana, Honduras, Senegal, and Uganda / John Cockburn, Bernard Decaluwe, Ismaël Fofana and Veronique Robichaud The poverty and gender impacts of trade liberalization and growth in Senegal / John Cockburn, Bernard Decaluwe, Ismaël Fofana and Veronique Robichaud Could higher prices for export crops reduce women's bargaining power and household spending on human capital in Senegal? / Maurizio Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos and Quentin Wodon Can maquila booms reduce poverty? : evidence from Honduras / Rafael E. De Hoyos, Maurizio Bussolo and Oscar Nunez The gendered impact of coffee market liberalization in Uganda / Jennifer Golan and Jann Lay Constraints to export supply response in Ghana : accounting for gender differentials / Charles Ackah and Jann Lay.

Trade liberalization can create economic opportunities for poor people. But are these opportunities available to men and women equally? Do the gender disparities in access to education, health, credit, and other resources limit the gains from trade and the potential benefits to poor women? This volume introduces the gender dimension into empirical analyses of the links between trade and poverty, which can improve policy making.

The collection of chapters in this book is close to an ideal macro-micro evaluation technique that explicitly assesses the importance of gender in determining the poverty effects of trade shocks. Part I, relying on ex ante simulation approaches, focuses on the macroeconomic links between trade and gender, where labor market structure and its functioning play a key role. Part II concentrates on micro models of households and attempts to identify the ex post effects of trade shocks on household income levels and consumption choices. It also addresses questions about possible changes in inequality within households due to improved economic opportunities for women.

'Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus' will be invaluable to policy makers, development practitioners and researchers, journalists, and students.

Annotation Trade liberalization can create economic opportunities for poor people. But are these opportunities available to men and women equally? Do the gender disparities in access to education, health, credit, and other resources limit the gains from trade and the potential benefits to poor women? This volume introduces the gender dimension into empirical analyses of the links between trade and poverty, which can improve policy making. The collection of chapters in this book is close to an ideal macro-micro evaluation technique that explicitly assesses the importance of gender in determining the poverty effects of trade shocks. Part I, relying on ex ante simulation approaches, focuses on the macroeconomic links between trade and gender, where labor market structure and its functioning play a key role. Part II concentrates on micro models of households and attempts to identify the ex post effects of trade shocks on household income levels and consumption choices. It also addresses questions about possible changes in inequality within households due to improved economic opportunities for women. 'Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus' will be invaluable to policy makers, development practitioners and researchers, journalists, and students