Gauging What's Real : The Conceptual Foundations of Contemporary Gauge Theories

Gauge theories have provided our most successful representations of the fundamental forces of nature. How, though, do such representations work? Interpretations of gauge theory aim to answer this question. Through understanding how a gauge theory's representations work, we are able to say what kind of world our gauge theories reveal to us. A gauge theory's representations are mathematical structures. These may be transformed among themselves while certain features remain the same. Do the representations related by such a gauge transformation merely offer alternative ways of representing the very same situation? If so, then gauge symmetry is a purely formal property since it reflects no corresponding symmetry in nature. Gauging What's Real describes the representations provided by gauge theories in both classical and quantum physics. Richard Healey defends the thesis that gauge transformations are purely formal symmetries of almost all the classes of representations provided by each of our theories of fundamental forces. He argues that evidence for classical gauge theories of forces (other than gravity) gives us reason to believe that loops rather than points are the locations of fundamental properties. In addition to exploring the prospects of extending this conclusion to the quantum gauge theories of the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, Healey assesses the difficulties faced by attempts to base such ontological conclusions on the success of these theories. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 14 Introduction......Page 16 1. What is a gauge theory?......Page 22 1.1 Classical electromagnetism: a paradigm gauge theory......Page 24 1.2 A fiber bundle formulation......Page 28 1.2.1 Electromagnetic interactions of quantum particles......Page 35 1.2.2 Electromagnetic interactions of matter fields......Page 39 2. The Aharonov–Bohm effect......Page 42 2.1 Fiber bundles......Page 47 2.2 A gauge-invariant, local explanation?......Page 52 2.3 Geometry and topology in the Aharonov–Bohm effect......Page 61 2.4 Locality in the Aharonov–Bohm effect......Page 65 2.5 Lessons for classical electromagnetism......Page 75 3.1 Non-Abelian Yang–Mills theories......Page 79 3.1.1 The fiber bundle formulation......Page 85 3.1.2 Loops, groups, and hoops......Page 91 3.1.3 Topological issues......Page 95 3.2 A fiber bundle formulation of general relativity......Page 98 3.2.1 A gravitational analog to the Aharonov–Bohm effect......Page 99 4. Interpreting classical gauge theories......Page 103 4.1 The no gauge potential properties view......Page 104 4.2 The localized gauge potential properties view......Page 106 4.2.1 Problems defining theoretical terms......Page 112 4.2.2 Leeds’s view......Page 120 4.2.3 Maudlin’s interpretation......Page 123 4.3 The non-localized gauge potential properties view......Page 125 4.4 A holonomy interpretation......Page 132 4.4.1 Epistemological considerations......Page 133 4.4.2 Objections considered......Page 140 4.4.3 Semantic considerations......Page 143 4.5 Metaphysical implications: non-separability and holism......Page 144 5. Quantized Yang–Mills gauge theories......Page 150 5.1 How to quantize a classical field......Page 152 5.2 Coulomb gauge quantization......Page 154 5.3 Lorenz gauge quantization......Page 156 5.4 Classical electromagnetism as a constrained Hamiltonian system......Page 157 5.5 The free Maxwell field as a Hamiltonian system......Page 160 5.6 Path-integral quantization......Page 162 5.7 Canonical quantization of non-Abelian fields......Page 164 5.8 Path-integral quantization of non-Abelian fields......Page 166 5.9 Interacting fields in the Lagrangian formulation......Page 167 6. The empirical import of gauge symmetry......Page 170 6.1 Two kinds of symmetry......Page 171 6.2 Observing gauge symmetry?......Page 176 6.3 The gauge argument......Page 180 6.4 Ghost fields......Page 188 6.5 Spontaneous symmetry-breaking......Page 190 6.6 The θ-vacuum......Page 196 6.7 Anomalies......Page 203 7. Loop representations......Page 205 7.1 The significance of loop representations......Page 206 7.2 Loop representations of the free Maxwell field......Page 207 7.3 Loop representations of other free Yang–Mills fields......Page 213 7.4 Interacting fields in loop representations......Page 216 7.5 The θ-vacuum in a loop representation......Page 218 7.6 Conclusion......Page 219 8.1 Auyang’s event ontology......Page 221 8.2 Problems of interpreting a quantum field theory......Page 224 8.2.1 Particle interpretations......Page 226 8.2.2 Bohmian interpretations......Page 230 8.2.3 Copenhagen interpretations......Page 233 8.2.4 Everettian interpretations......Page 236 8.2.5 Modal interpretations......Page 239 9. Conclusions......Page 241 A. Electromagnetism and its generalizations......Page 250 B. Fiber bundles......Page 254 C. The constrained Hamiltonian formalism......Page 269 D. Alternative quantum representations......Page 278 E. Algebraic quantum field theory......Page 286 F.1 The Copenhagen interpretation......Page 293 F.2 Bohmian mechanics......Page 295 F.3 Everettian interpretations......Page 297 F.4 Modal interpretations......Page 299 Bibliography......Page 301 C......Page 308 E......Page 309 F......Page 310 G......Page 311 K......Page 312 M......Page 313 P......Page 314 Q......Page 315 S......Page 316 T......Page 317 Y......Page 318 What Is A Gauge Theory? -- Classical Electromagnetism : A Paradigm Gauge Theory -- A Fiber Bundle Formulation -- Electromagnetic Interactions Of Quantum Particles -- Electromagnetic Interactions Of Matter Fields -- The Aharonov-bohm Effect -- Fiber Bundles -- A Gauge-invariant, Local Explanation? -- Geometry And Topology In The Aharonov-bohm Effect -- Locality In The Aharonov-bohm Effect -- Lessons For Classical Electromagnetism -- Classical Gauge Theories -- Non-abelian Yang-mills Theories -- The Fiber Bundle Formulation -- Loops, Groups, And Hoops -- Topological Issues -- A Fiber Bundle Formulation Of General Relativity --a Gravitational Analog To The Aharonov-bohm Effect -- Interpreting Classical Gauge Theories -- The No Gauge Potential Properties View -- The Localized Gauge Potential Properties View -- Problems Defining Theoretical Terms -- Leeds's View -- Maudlin's Interpretation -- The Non-localized Gauge Potential Properties View -- A Holonomy Interpretation --^ Epistemological Considerations -- Objections Considered -- Semantic Considerations -- Metaphysical Implications : Non-separability And Holism -- Quantized Yang-mills Gauge Theories -- How To Quantize A Classical Field -- Coulomb Gauge Quantization -- Lorenz Gauge Quantization -- Classical Electromagnetism As A Constrained Hamiltonian System -- The Free Maxwell Field As A Hamiltonian System -- Path-integral Quantization -- Canonical Quantization Of Non-abelian Fields -- Path-integral Quantization Of Non-abelian Fields -- Interacting Fields In The Lagrangian Formulation -- The Empirical Import Of Gauge Symmetry -- Two Kinds Of Symmetry -- Observing Gauge Symmetry? -- The Gauge Argument -- Ghost Fields -- Spontaneous Symmetry-breaking -- The [theta]-vacuum -- Anomalies -- Loop Representations -- The Significance Of Loop Representations -- Loop Representations Of The Free Maxwell Field -- Loop Representations Of Other Free Yang-mills Fields --^ Interacting Fields In Loop Representations -- The [theta]-vacuum In A Loop Representation -- Interpreting Quantized Yang-mills Gauge Theories -- Auyang's Event Ontology -- Problems Of Interpreting A Quantum Field Theory -- Particle Interpretations -- Bohmian Interpretations -- Copenhagen Interpretations -- Everettian Interpretations -- Modal Interpretations -- Conclusions -- Electromagnetism And Its Generalizations -- Fiber Bundles -- The Constrained Hamiltonian Formalism -- Alternative Quantum Representations -- Algebraic Quantum Field Theory -- Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics -- The Copenhagen Interpretation -- Bohmian Mechanics -- Everettian Interpretations -- Modal Interpretations. Richard Healey. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [280]-286) And Index. Gauge theories have provided our most successful representations of the fundamental forces of nature. But how do such representations work? Healey aims to answer this question, and defends a distinctive thesis which proves that loops rather than points are the locations of fundamental properties