Gaston Contremoulins, 1869 - 1950 : Visionary Pioneer of Radiology - Forgotten Heritage

How could a self-taught scholar of the calibre of Gaston Contremoulins be forgotten? Driven by his fascination with photography and the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1897, he was the first to invent a device capable of locating intracranial foreign bodies. He thus anticipated the development of stereotaxis, so crucial to modern medicine half a century later. He was recognized and appointed director of the main radiology department of Necker Hospital in Paris. Yet he was not a doctor! His design of a complete radiological technology for three-dimensional visualization was a work of genius, foreshadowing the principles of the CT scanner. His interest in orthopedic problems led him to develop sophisticated uses of radiographic images to manufacture prostheses and fusion instruments, thus founding a field he called «radiosurgery». He was a pioneer in radiation protection measures, fighting the widespread and erroneous belief that X-rays were harmless! Although he was vigorously defended by the Academy of Science and the great surgeons of the Paris Hospital, his enemies managed to erase his name and work from the historical archives. This work by Patrick Mornet places Contremoulins in his rightful position in the history of radiology: at the front! Driven by his fascination with photography and the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1897, he was the first to invent a device capable of locating intracranial foreign bodies. He thus anticipated the development of stereotaxis, so crucial to modern medicine half a century later. He was recognized and appointed director of the main radiology department of Necker Hospital in Paris. Yet he was not a doctor!0His design of a complete radiological technology for three-dimensional visualization was a work of genius, foreshadowing the principles of the CT scanner. His interest in orthopedic problems led him to develop sophisticated uses of radiographic images to manufacture prostheses and fusion instruments, thus founding a field he called 'radiosurgery'. He was a pioneer in radiation protection measures, fighting the widespread and erroneous belief that X-rays were harmless!0Although he was vigorously defended by the Academy of Science and the great surgeons of the Paris Hospital, his enemies managed to erase his name and work from the historical archives. This work by Patrick Mornet places Contremoulins in his rightful position in the history of radiology: at the front.00Transl. from French by Cole A. Giller

Imaging at high angular resolution (HRA) is a flourishing discipline. High performance instruments like the spectro-polarimeter SPHERE at VLT/ESO has recently been implemented. A harvest of splendid results is continuously coming from interferometry with PIONIER, MATISSE, and now GRAVITY (all at VLTI/ESO), VEGA and JouFlu (CHARA), and at longer wavelengths with ALMA at VLTI/ESO and NOEMA/IRAM. The future is already underway with the very close launch of JWST/NASA, and the development of ELT at ESO.

HRA provides a unique way to study regions of stellar formation, proto-planetary discs as well as the surfaces of stars and their environments.

This volume offers lectures given by world experts in the field during the EvrySchatzman School on Stellar Physics (EES 2017) held in Roscoff, France. The addressed topics include a course of introduction to optical/IR interferometry covering the history and basic principles, a course on diffraction-dominated observational astronomy, and a course presenting the principles and instrumentation of optical long baseline interferometry. This book will be a valuable reference for researchers and students in the coming years.