Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (with ArtStudy Printed Access Card and Timeline) (Gardner's Art Through the Ages)

As fascinating as a real visit to the world's famous museums and architectural sites, GARDNER'S ART THROUGH THE AGES: A GLOBAL HISTORY gives you a comprehensive, beautifully illustrated tour of the world's great artistic traditions--plus all the study tools you need to excel in your art history course! Easy to read and understand, this 13th Edition of the most widely read history of art book in the English language is the only textbook that includes a unique "scale" feature (accompanying the book's photographs of paintings and other artworks) that will help you better visualize the actual size of the artworks shown in the book. You'll also find materials that will help you master the key topics quickly and help you study for your exams--for example, "The Big Picture" overviews at the end of every chapter, a special global timeline, and ArtStudy Online (a free interactive study guide that includes flash cards of images and quizzes). Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Contents ......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 12 RESOURCES......Page 16 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ART HISTORY?......Page 18 The Questions Art Historians Ask......Page 19 The Words Art Historians Use......Page 23 Different Ways of Seeing......Page 29 Paleolithic Art......Page 32 Western Europe......Page 33 Ancient Near East......Page 41 Western Europe......Page 44 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Paleolithic Cave Painting......Page 37 ART AND SOCIETY: Art in the Old Stone Age......Page 38 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The World’s Oldest Paintings?......Page 39 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 46 CHAPTER 2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST......Page 48 Sumer......Page 49 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mesopotamian Seals......Page 56 ART AND SOCIETY: Hammurabi’s Law Code......Page 60 Assyria......Page 62 Neo-Babylonia and Persia......Page 64 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Mesopotamia......Page 50 ART AND SOCIETY: Enheduanna, Priestess and Poet......Page 58 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Piety of Gudea......Page 59 WRITTEN SOURCES: Babylon, City of Wonders......Page 65 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 68 CHAPTER 3 EGYPT UNDER THE PHARAOHS......Page 70 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Egypt......Page 71 Architecture......Page 73 Architecture......Page 76 Sculpture......Page 79 The Middle Kingdom......Page 81 Sculpture......Page 82 Architecture......Page 83 Architecture......Page 84 Sculpture and Painting......Page 88 Akhenaton and the Amarna Period......Page 90 The Tomb of Tutankhamen......Page 92 Kingdom of Kush......Page 94 After Alexander......Page 95 ART AND SOCIETY: Mummification and Immortality......Page 74 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Building the Great Pyramids......Page 77 ART AND SOCIETY: Hatshepsut, the Woman Who Would Be King......Page 85 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 96 CHAPTER 4 THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN......Page 98 Cycladic Art......Page 99 Architecture......Page 101 Painting......Page 102 Sculpture......Page 105 Mycenaean Art......Page 107 Architecture......Page 108 Metalwork, Sculpture, and Painting......Page 111 ART AND SOCIETY: Archaeology, Art History, and the Art Market......Page 100 ART AND SOCIETY: The Theran Eruption and the Chronology of Aegean Art......Page 104 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 114 CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT GREECE......Page 116 Geometric and Orientalizing Periods......Page 117 Geometric Art......Page 119 Orientalizing Art......Page 120 Archaic Period......Page 122 Statuary......Page 123 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Greek Temple Plans......Page 126 Early and High Classical Periods......Page 135 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture......Page 136 Statuary......Page 138 The Athenian Acropolis......Page 142 ART AND SOCIETY: The Hegeso Stele......Page 151 Sculpture......Page 154 Alexander the Great and Macedonian Court Art......Page 157 Architecture......Page 160 Architecture......Page 162 Pergamon......Page 164 Sculpture......Page 166 Hellenistic Art under Roman Patronage......Page 170 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Mount Olympus......Page 118 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Greek Vase Painting......Page 121 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Doric and Ionic Orders......Page 127 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Herakles, Greatest of Greek Heroes......Page 137 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Hollow-Casting Life-Size Bronze Statues......Page 139 WRITTEN SOURCES: Polykleitos’s Prescription for the Perfect Statue......Page 141 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Corinthian Capital......Page 161 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 172 Indus Civilization......Page 174 Maurya Dynasty......Page 177 WRITTEN SOURCES: Ashoka’s Conversion to Buddhism......Page 179 The Gupta and Post-Gupta Periods......Page 183 Early Medieval Period......Page 187 Java......Page 191 Cambodia......Page 192 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Buddhism and Buddhist Iconography......Page 178 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Stupa......Page 180 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The Painted Caves of Ajanta......Page 184 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Hinduism and Hindu Iconography......Page 185 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Hindu Temples......Page 189 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 196 Neolithic Age through Shang Dynasty......Page 198 Zhou and Qin Dynasties......Page 201 Han Dynasty......Page 204 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Silk and the Silk Road......Page 205 Tang Dynasty......Page 209 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Earthenwares and Stonewares......Page 213 Unified Silla Kingdom......Page 219 Koryo Dynasty......Page 221 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Shang Bronze-Casting......Page 200 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Jade......Page 202 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Daoism and Confucianism......Page 203 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Chinese Wooden Construction......Page 206 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Painting Materials and Formats......Page 207 ARTISTS ON ART: Xie He’s Six Canons......Page 208 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY Chan Buddhism......Page 218 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 222 Jomon and Yayoi Periods......Page 224 Kofun Period......Page 226 Asuka and Nara Periods......Page 229 Heian Period......Page 232 Kamakura Period......Page 235 Buddhist Japan......Page 227 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Shinto......Page 228 ART AND SOCIETY: Heian Court Culture......Page 234 ART AND SOCIETY: Heian and Kamakura Artistic Workshops......Page 236 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 238 CHAPTER 9 THE ETRUSCANS......Page 240 Orientalizing Art......Page 241 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Etruscan Counterparts of Greco-Roman Gods and Heroes......Page 242 Classical Art......Page 248 Etruscan Art and the Rise of Rome......Page 249 WRITTEN SOURCES: Etruscan Artists in Rome......Page 243 ART AND SOCIETY: The “Audacity” of Etruscan Women......Page 244 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 252 CHAPTER 10 THE ROMAN EMPIRE......Page 254 ART AND SOCIETY: An Outline of Roman History......Page 256 Sculpture......Page 259 Architecture......Page 261 Painting......Page 263 ART AND SOCIETY: Role Playing in Roman Portraiture......Page 271 Augustus and the Julio-Claudians......Page 272 ART AND SOCIETY: Spectacles in the Colosseum......Page 277 Trajan......Page 280 Hadrian......Page 284 Ostia......Page 287 The Antonines......Page 289 The Severans......Page 293 The Soldier Emperors......Page 295 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy......Page 297 Constantine......Page 299 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Roman Concrete Construction......Page 258 ART AND SOCIETY: Art for Former Slaves......Page 260 WRITTEN SOURCES: An Eyewitness Account of the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius......Page 262 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Roman House......Page 264 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Golden House of Nero......Page 276 WRITTEN SOURCES: Hadrian and Apollodorus of Damascus......Page 286 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Iaia of Cyzicus and the Art of Encaustic Painting......Page 292 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 304 Dura-Europos......Page 306 The Catacombs and Funerary Art......Page 308 Painting......Page 309 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Jewish Subjects in Christian Art......Page 310 Rome......Page 312 Ravenna......Page 318 Illuminated Manuscripts......Page 321 Ivory Carving......Page 323 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Life of Jesus in Art......Page 313 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mosaics......Page 320 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Medieval Manuscript Illumination......Page 322 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Ivory Carving......Page 324 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 326 CHAPTER 12 BYZANTIUM......Page 328 Architecture and Mosaics......Page 329 Ivory Carving and Painting......Page 339 Architecture and Mosaics......Page 344 Ivory Carving and Painting......Page 350 Late Byzantine Art......Page 352 Painting......Page 353 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Pendentives and Squinches......Page 332 ART AND SOCIETY: Theodora, a Most Unusual Empress......Page 337 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Emperors of New Rome......Page 340 ART AND SOCIETY: Icons and Iconoclasm......Page 343 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 356 CHAPTER 13 THE ISLAMIC WORLD......Page 358 Architecture......Page 359 Luxury Arts......Page 367 Architecture......Page 369 Luxury Arts......Page 375 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Muhammad and Islam......Page 360 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Mosque......Page 362 ARTISTS ON ART: Sinan the Great and the Mosque of Selim II......Page 371 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Islamic Tilework......Page 374 ART AND SOCIETY: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art......Page 379 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 380 CHAPTER 14 NATIVE ARTS OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1300......Page 382 Olmec and Preclassic West Mexico......Page 383 Teotihuacan......Page 385 Classic Maya......Page 387 Classic Veracruz......Page 392 Postclassic Mexico......Page 393 Intermediate Area......Page 396 Chavín......Page 397 Paracas, Nasca, and Moche......Page 398 Tiwanaku and Wari......Page 402 Woodlands......Page 404 ART AND SOCIETY: Serpent Mound......Page 406 ART AND SOCIETY: The Mesoamerican Ball Game......Page 389 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Andean Weaving......Page 399 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 408 CHAPTER 15 AFRICA BEFORE 1800......Page 410 Rock Art......Page 411 ART AND SOCIETY: Dating African Art and Identifying African Artists......Page 412 ART AND SOCIETY: Art and Leadership in Africa......Page 414 Djenne and Lalibela......Page 416 Great Zimbabwe......Page 418 Benin......Page 419 Sapi......Page 420 ART AND SOCIETY: Idealized Naturalism at Ile-Ife......Page 415 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 422 Art of the Warrior Lords......Page 424 Christian Art: Scandinavia, British Isles, Spain......Page 427 Carolingian Art......Page 432 ART AND SOCIETY: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii Romani......Page 433 Architecture......Page 436 Architecture......Page 439 Sculpture and Painting......Page 441 ART AND SOCIETY: Medieval Books......Page 428 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Four Evangelists......Page 429 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Medieval Monasteries and Benedictine Rule......Page 437 ART AND SOCIETY: Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess in Ottonian Germany......Page 445 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 446 CHAPTER 17 ROMANESQUE EUROPE......Page 448 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture......Page 450 Painting and Other Arts......Page 460 Architecture......Page 462 ART AND SOCIETY: Romanesque Countesses, Queens, and Nuns......Page 465 Italy......Page 467 Architecture......Page 470 Painting and Other Arts......Page 474 ART AND SOCIETY: Pilgrimages and the Cult of Relics......Page 449 WRITTEN SOURCES: Timber Roofs and Stone Vaults......Page 452 WRITTEN SOURCES: Bernard of Clairvaux on Cloister Sculpture......Page 455 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Romanesque Church Portal......Page 456 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Crusades......Page 459 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Embroidery and Tapestry......Page 473 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 476 CHAPTER 18 GOTHIC EUROPE......Page 478 Architecture and Architectural Decoration......Page 479 Book Illumination and Luxury Arts......Page 498 England......Page 503 Holy Roman Empire......Page 506 WRITTEN SOURCES: Abbot Suger and the Rebuilding of Saint-Denis......Page 480 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Rib Vault......Page 481 ART AND SOCIETY: Scholasticism and Gothic Art and Architecture......Page 483 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Cathedral......Page 486 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Stained-Glass Windows......Page 489 ART AND SOCIETY: Louis IX, the Saintly King......Page 499 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 512 Sculpture......Page 514 Painting and Architecture......Page 516 The 14th Century......Page 519 Giotto......Page 520 Siena......Page 522 Florence......Page 530 Pisa, Venice, and Milan......Page 531 ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Artists’ Names......Page 515 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Great Schism, Mendicant Orders, and Confraternities......Page 518 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Fresco Painting......Page 521 WRITTEN SOURCES: Artists’ Guilds, Commissions, and Contracts......Page 523 ART AND SOCIETY: Artistic Training in Renaissance Italy......Page 527 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 534 Burgundy and Flanders......Page 536 Chartreuse de Champmol......Page 537 Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, and Rogier van der Weyden......Page 539 Later Flemish Panel Painters......Page 546 Manuscript Painting......Page 549 Sculpture......Page 551 Graphic Arts......Page 553 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tempera and Oil Painting......Page 540 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Framed Paintings......Page 543 ART AND SOCIETY: The Artist’s Profession in Flanders......Page 545 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Woodcuts, Engravings, and Etchings......Page 554 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 556 CHAPTER 21 ITALY, 1400 TO 1500......Page 558 Sculpture......Page 559 Painting......Page 569 Architecture......Page 579 Rome and the Papal States......Page 585 Urbino......Page 587 Mantua......Page 589 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Renaissance Perspectival Systems......Page 564 ARTISTS ON ART: Cennino Cennini on Imitation and Emulation in Renaissance Art......Page 570 ART AND SOCIETY: Renaissance Family Chapel Endowments......Page 581 ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Princely Courts and Artistic Patronage......Page 586 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 594 High and Late Renaissance......Page 596 Leonardo da Vinci......Page 597 Raphael......Page 601 ARTISTS ON ART: Leonardo and Michelangelo on Painting versus Sculpture......Page 605 Architecture: Rome......Page 614 Architecture: Venice......Page 619 Venetian Painting......Page 621 Painting......Page 629 Sculpture......Page 635 Architecture......Page 637 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Renaissance Drawings......Page 598 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Restoring Renaissance Paintings......Page 612 WRITTEN SOURCES: Religious Art in Counter-Reformation Italy......Page 613 ARTISTS ON ART: Palma il Giovane on Titian......Page 626 ART AND SOCIETY: Women in the Renaissance Art World......Page 628 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 640 CHAPTER 23 NORTHERN EUROPE AND SPAIN, 1500 TO 1600 625......Page 642 Holy Roman Empire......Page 643 France......Page 651 The Netherlands......Page 654 Spain......Page 660 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Catholic and Protestant Views of Salvation......Page 648 ART AND SOCIETY: Protestantism and Iconoclasm......Page 649 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 664 Architecture and Sculpture......Page 666 Painting......Page 674 Spain......Page 682 Painting......Page 683 WRITTEN SOURCES: Giovanni Pietro Bellori on Annibale Carracci and Caravaggio 660......Page 677 ARTISTS ON ART: The Letters of Artemisia Gentileschi......Page 679 ART AND SOCIETY: Velázquez and Philip IV......Page 685 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 688 CHAPTER 25 NORTHERN EUROPE, 1600 TO 1700......Page 690 Painting......Page 691 Ter Brugghen, van Honthorst, Hals, Leyster......Page 696 Rembrandt......Page 700 Landscape and Interior Painting......Page 703 Still-Life Painting......Page 706 Painting and Graphic Art......Page 708 Architecture and Sculpture......Page 714 Architecture......Page 718 ARTISTS ON ART: Rubens on Consequences of War......Page 694 ART AND SOCIETY: Middle-Class Patronage and the Art Market in the Dutch Republic......Page 697 ARTISTS ON ART: Poussin’s Notes for a Treatise on Painting......Page 709 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 720 Sultanate of Delhi......Page 722 Vijayanagar Empire......Page 723 Mughal Empire......Page 724 Hindu Rajput Kingdoms......Page 727 Nayak Dynasty......Page 728 The British in India......Page 729 Thailand......Page 730 Vietnam......Page 732 Contemporary Art......Page 733 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Indian Miniature Painting......Page 725 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 734 Yuan Dynasty......Page 736 Ming Dynasty......Page 740 Qing Dynasty......Page 745 Korea......Page 747 Choson Dynasty......Page 748 Modern Korea......Page 749 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Porcelain......Page 739 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Lacquered Wood......Page 741 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Calligraphy and Inscriptions on Chinese Paintings......Page 743 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 750 Muromachi Period......Page 752 Momoyama Period......Page 755 Edo Period......Page 758 Showa Period......Page 763 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Zen Buddhism......Page 753 ART AND SOCIETY: The Japanese Tea Ceremony......Page 757 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Japanese Woodblock Prints......Page 761 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 766 Rococo......Page 768 Architecture......Page 769 Painting and Sculpture......Page 771 Philosophy and Science......Page 774 WRITTEN SOURCES: Diderot on Chardin......Page 777 ART AND SOCIETY: The Excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii......Page 783 Painting......Page 784 Architecture and Sculpture......Page 787 WRITTEN SOURCES: Femmes Savantes and Salon Culture......Page 770 ART AND SOCIETY: The Grand Tour and Veduta Painting......Page 782 ARTISTS ON ART: David on Greek Style and Public Art......Page 785 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 792 Art Under Napoleon......Page 794 Roots of Romanticism......Page 801 Spain and France......Page 803 Landscape Painting......Page 810 France......Page 815 Germany and the United States......Page 822 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood......Page 826 Architecture......Page 827 Photography......Page 832 ART AND SOCIETY: The Romantic Spirit in Art, Music, and Literature......Page 807 ARTISTS ON ART: Delacroix in Morocco......Page 809 ARTISTS ON ART: Courbet on Realism......Page 816 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Lithography......Page 818 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Daguerreotype, Calotype, and Wet-Plate Photography......Page 831 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 836 CHAPTER 31 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1870 TO 1900......Page 838 Impressionism......Page 839 Post-Impressionism......Page 848 Symbolism......Page 855 Sculpture......Page 860 Architecture and Decorative Arts......Page 863 ART AND SOCIETY: Academic Salons and Independent Art Exhibitions......Page 840 ARTISTS ON ART: Renoir on the Art of Painting......Page 844 ART AND SOCIETY: Japonisme......Page 846 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: 19th-Century Color Theory......Page 849 ARTISTS ON ART: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh......Page 851 ARTISTS ON ART: Rodin on Movement in Art and Photography......Page 862 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 868 Mesoamerica......Page 870 Aztec......Page 871 Inka......Page 875 North America......Page 877 Southwest......Page 878 Northwest Coast and Alaska......Page 879 Great Plains......Page 883 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Aztec Religion......Page 873 ART AND SOCIETY: Gender Roles in Native American Art......Page 880 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 886 CHAPTER 33 OCEANIA......Page 888 Australia......Page 889 New Guinea......Page 890 Caroline Islands......Page 895 Easter Island......Page 897 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tongan Barkcloth......Page 898 Cook and Marquesas Islands......Page 899 Hawaii......Page 901 New Zealand......Page 902 ART AND SOCIETY: Women’s Roles in Oceania......Page 896 ART AND SOCIETY: Tattoo in Polynesia......Page 900 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 904 San......Page 906 Fang and Kota......Page 907 Bamum......Page 909 Kongo......Page 910 Baule......Page 911 Benin......Page 912 ART AND SOCIETY: African Artists and Apprentices......Page 914 Yoruba......Page 915 ART AND SOCIETY: African Masquerades......Page 916 Dogon......Page 917 ART AND SOCIETY: Mende Women as Maskers......Page 918 Igbo......Page 920 Contemporary Art......Page 921 ART AND SOCIETY: Gender Roles in African Art Production......Page 913 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 924 CHAPTER 35 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1900 TO 1945......Page 926 Europe, 1900 to 1920......Page 927 Fauvism......Page 928 German Expressionism......Page 930 ART AND SOCIETY: Gertrude and Leo Stein and the Avant-Garde......Page 935 Futurism......Page 943 Dada......Page 945 America, 1900 to 1930......Page 949 ART AND SOCIETY: Art “Matronage” in America......Page 950 Photography......Page 955 Neue Sachlichkeit......Page 957 Surrealism......Page 960 Suprematism, Constructivism, and De Stijl......Page 965 Sculpture......Page 967 Sculpture and Photography......Page 970 Painting......Page 972 Europe......Page 977 America......Page 981 ARTISTS ON ART: Matisse on Color......Page 929 ART AND SOCIETY: Science and Art in the Early 20th Century......Page 932 ART AND SOCIETY: Primitivism and Colonialism......Page 937 ARTISTS ON ART: Picasso on Cubism......Page 941 ARTISTS ON ART: Futurist Manifestos......Page 944 ART AND SOCIETY: The Armory Show......Page 951 ART AND SOCIETY: Degenerate Art......Page 962 ARTISTS ON ART: Brancusi, Hepworth, and Moore on Abstract Sculpture......Page 968 ART AND SOCIETY: The Museum of Modern Art and the Avant-Garde......Page 971 ARTISTS ON ART: Rivera on Art for the People......Page 976 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 984 CHAPTER 36 EUROPE AND AMERICA AFTER 1945......Page 986 Postwar Expressionism in Europe......Page 987 Abstract Expressionism......Page 989 Post-Painterly Abstraction......Page 992 ARTISTS ON ART: David Smith on Outdoor Sculpture......Page 995 Pop Art......Page 998 Superrealism......Page 1002 Neo-Expressionism......Page 1004 Feminist Art......Page 1006 Modernism......Page 1019 Postmodernism......Page 1025 Deconstructivism......Page 1028 Performance Art......Page 1034 Conceptual Art......Page 1037 New Media......Page 1038 ARTISTS ON ART: Jackson Pollock on Easel and Mural Painting......Page 990 ARTISTS ON ART: Helen Frankenthaler on Color-Field Painting......Page 994 ARTISTS ON ART: Donald Judd on Sculpture and Industrial Materials......Page 996 ARTISTS ON ART: Roy Lichtenstein on Pop Art......Page 1000 ARTISTS ON ART: Chuck Close on Portrait Painting and Photography......Page 1003 ARTISTS ON ART: Judy Chicago on The Dinner Party......Page 1007 ART AND SOCIETY: Public Funding of Controversial Art......Page 1013 ART AND SOCIETY: Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial......Page 1024 ARTISTS ON ART: Philip Johnson on Postmodern Architecture......Page 1026 ARTISTS ON ART: Frank Gehry on Architectural Design and Materials......Page 1029 ART AND SOCIETY: Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc......Page 1033 ARTISTS ON ART: Carolee Schneemann on Painting, Performance Art, and Art History......Page 1035 THE BIG PICTURE......Page 1042 NOTES......Page 1043 GLOSSARY......Page 1047 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1063 CREDITS......Page 1077 INDEX......Page 1083 Front Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 3 Contents 5 PREFACE 12 RESOURCES 16 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ART HISTORY? 18 Art History in the 21st Century 19 The Questions Art Historians Ask 19 The Words Art Historians Use 23 Art History and Other Disciplines 29 Different Ways of Seeing 29 CHAPTER 1 ART BEFORE HISTORY 32 Paleolithic Art 32 Africa 33 Western Europe 33 Neolithic Art 41 Ancient Near East 41 Western Europe 44 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Paleolithic Cave Painting 37 ART AND SOCIETY: Art in the Old Stone Age 38 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The World’s Oldest Paintings? 39 THE BIG PICTURE 46 CHAPTER 2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 48 Sumer 49 Akkad and the Third Dynasty of Ur 56 Second Millennium BCE 60 Assyria 62 Neo-Babylonia and Persia 64 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Mesopotamia 50 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mesopotamian Seals 56 ART AND SOCIETY: Enheduanna, Priestess and Poet 58 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Piety of Gudea 59 ART AND SOCIETY: Hammurabi’s Law Code 60 WRITTEN SOURCES: Babylon, City of Wonders 65 THE BIG PICTURE 68 CHAPTER 3 EGYPT UNDER THE PHARAOHS 70 The Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods 71 Painting and Sculpture 71 Architecture 73 The Old Kingdom 76 Architecture 76 Sculpture 79 The Middle Kingdom 81 Sculpture 82 Architecture 83 The New Kingdom 84 Architecture 84 Sculpture and Painting 88 Akhenaton and the Amarna Period 90 The Tomb of Tutankhamen 92 First Millennium BCE 94 Kingdom of Kush 94 After Alexander 95 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Egypt 71 ART AND SOCIETY: Mummification and Immortality 74 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Building the Great Pyramids 77 ART AND SOCIETY: Hatshepsut, the Woman Who Would Be King 85 THE BIG PICTURE 96 CHAPTER 4 THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN 98 Cycladic Art 99 Minoan Art 101 Architecture 101 Painting 102 Sculpture 105 Mycenaean Art 107 Architecture 108 Metalwork, Sculpture, and Painting 111 ART AND SOCIETY: Archaeology, Art History, and the Art Market 100 ART AND SOCIETY: The Theran Eruption and the Chronology of Aegean Art 104 THE BIG PICTURE 114 CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT GREECE 116 Geometric and Orientalizing Periods 117 Geometric Art 119 Orientalizing Art 120 Archaic Period 122 Statuary 123 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture 126 Early and High Classical Periods 135 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture 136 Statuary 138 The Athenian Acropolis 142 Painting 151 Late Classical Period 154 Sculpture 154 Alexander the Great and Macedonian Court Art 157 Architecture 160 Hellenistic Period 162 Architecture 162 Pergamon 164 Sculpture 166 Hellenistic Art under Roman Patronage 170 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses of Mount Olympus 118 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Greek Vase Painting 121 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Greek Temple Plans 126 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Doric and Ionic Orders 127 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Herakles, Greatest of Greek Heroes 137 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Hollow-Casting Life-Size Bronze Statues 139 WRITTEN SOURCES: Polykleitos’s Prescription for the Perfect Statue 141 ART AND SOCIETY: The Hegeso Stele 151 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Corinthian Capital 161 THE BIG PICTURE 172 CHAPTER 6 SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA BEFORE 1200 174 India and Pakistan 174 Indus Civilization 174 Vedic and Upanishadic Period 177 Maurya Dynasty 177 Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties 179 The Gupta and Post-Gupta Periods 183 Early Medieval Period 187 Southeast Asia 191 Sri Lanka 191 Java 191 Cambodia 192 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Buddhism and Buddhist Iconography 178 WRITTEN SOURCES: Ashoka’s Conversion to Buddhism 179 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Stupa 180 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The Painted Caves of Ajanta 184 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Hinduism and Hindu Iconography 185 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Hindu Temples 189 THE BIG PICTURE 196 CHAPTER 7 CHINA AND KOREA TO 1279 198 China 198 Neolithic Age through Shang Dynasty 198 Zhou and Qin Dynasties 201 Han Dynasty 204 Period of Disunity 205 Tang Dynasty 209 Song Dynasty 213 Korea 219 Three Kingdoms Period 219 Unified Silla Kingdom 219 Koryo Dynasty 221 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Shang Bronze-Casting 200 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Jade 202 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Daoism and Confucianism 203 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Silk and the Silk Road 205 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Chinese Wooden Construction 206 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Painting Materials and Formats 207 ARTISTS ON ART: Xie He’s Six Canons 208 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Earthenwares and Stonewares 213 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY Chan Buddhism 218 THE BIG PICTURE 222 CHAPTER 8 JAPAN BEFORE 1333 224 Japan Before Buddhism 224 Jomon and Yayoi Periods 224 Kofun Period 226 Asuka and Nara Periods 229 Heian Period 232 Kamakura Period 235 Buddhist Japan 227 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Shinto 228 ART AND SOCIETY: Heian Court Culture 234 ART AND SOCIETY: Heian and Kamakura Artistic Workshops 236 THE BIG PICTURE 238 CHAPTER 9 THE ETRUSCANS 240 Early Etruscan Art 241 Orientalizing Art 241 Archaic Art and Architecture 242 Later Etruscan Art 248 Classical Art 248 Etruscan Art and the Rise of Rome 249 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Etruscan Counterparts of Greco-Roman Gods and Heroes 242 WRITTEN SOURCES: Etruscan Artists in Rome 243 ART AND SOCIETY: The “Audacity” of Etruscan Women 244 THE BIG PICTURE 252 CHAPTER 10 THE ROMAN EMPIRE 254 Republic 256 Architecture 256 Sculpture 259 Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius 261 Architecture 261 Painting 263 Early Empire 271 Augustus and the Julio-Claudians 272 The Flavians 277 High Empire 280 Trajan 280 Hadrian 284 Ostia 287 The Antonines 289 Late Empire 293 The Severans 293 The Soldier Emperors 295 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy 297 Constantine 299 ART AND SOCIETY: An Outline of Roman History 256 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Roman Concrete Construction 258 ART AND SOCIETY: Art for Former Slaves 260 WRITTEN SOURCES: An Eyewitness Account of the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 262 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Roman House 264 ART AND SOCIETY: Role Playing in Roman Portraiture 271 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Golden House of Nero 276 ART AND SOCIETY: Spectacles in the Colosseum 277 WRITTEN SOURCES: Hadrian and Apollodorus of Damascus 286 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Iaia of Cyzicus and the Art of Encaustic Painting 292 THE BIG PICTURE 304 CHAPTER 11 LATE ANTIQUITY 306 Dura-Europos 306 The Catacombs and Funerary Art 308 Painting 309 Sculpture 310 Architecture and Mosaics 312 Rome 312 Ravenna 318 Luxury Arts 321 Illuminated Manuscripts 321 Ivory Carving 323 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Jewish Subjects in Christian Art 310 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Life of Jesus in Art 313 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mosaics 320 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Medieval Manuscript Illumination 322 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Ivory Carving 324 THE BIG PICTURE 326 CHAPTER 12 BYZANTIUM 328 Early Byzantine Art 329 Architecture and Mosaics 329 Ivory Carving and Painting 339 Middle Byzantine Art 344 Architecture and Mosaics 344 Ivory Carving and Painting 350 Late Byzantine Art 352 Painting 353 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Pendentives and Squinches 332 ART AND SOCIETY: Theodora, a Most Unusual Empress 337 WRITTEN SOURCES: The Emperors of New Rome 340 ART AND SOCIETY: Icons and Iconoclasm 343 THE BIG PICTURE 356 CHAPTER 13 THE ISLAMIC WORLD 358 Early Islamic Art 359 Architecture 359 Luxury Arts 367 Later Islamic Art 369 Architecture 369 Luxury Arts 375 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Muhammad and Islam 360 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Mosque 362 ARTISTS ON ART: Sinan the Great and the Mosque of Selim II 371 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Islamic Tilework 374 ART AND SOCIETY: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art 379 THE BIG PICTURE 380 CHAPTER 14 NATIVE ARTS OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1300 382 Mesoamerica 383 Olmec and Preclassic West Mexico 383 Teotihuacan 385 Classic Maya 387 Classic Veracruz 392 Postclassic Mexico 393 Intermediate Area 396 South America 397 Chavín 397 Paracas, Nasca, and Moche 398 Tiwanaku and Wari 402 North America 404 Eskimo 404 Woodlands 404 Southwest 406 ART AND SOCIETY: The Mesoamerican Ball Game 389 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Andean Weaving 399 ART AND SOCIETY: Serpent Mound 406 THE BIG PICTURE 408 CHAPTER 15 AFRICA BEFORE 1800 410 Prehistory and Early Cultures 411 Rock Art 411 Nok and Lydenburg 412 Igbo Ukwu 414 11th to 18th Centuries 416 Ile-Ife 416 Djenne and Lalibela 416 Great Zimbabwe 418 Benin 419 Sapi 420 ART AND SOCIETY: Dating African Art and Identifying African Artists 412 ART AND SOCIETY: Art and Leadership in Africa 414 ART AND SOCIETY: Idealized Naturalism at Ile-Ife 415 THE BIG PICTURE 422 CHAPTER 16 EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE 424 Art of the Warrior Lords 424 Christian Art: Scandinavia, British Isles, Spain 427 Carolingian Art 432 Sculpture and Painting 433 Architecture 436 Ottonian Art 439 Architecture 439 Sculpture and Painting 441 ART AND SOCIETY: Medieval Books 428 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Four Evangelists 429 ART AND SOCIETY: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii Romani 433 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Medieval Monasteries and Benedictine Rule 437 ART AND SOCIETY: Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess in Ottonian Germany 445 THE BIG PICTURE 446 CHAPTER 17 ROMANESQUE EUROPE 448 France and Northern Spain 450 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture 450 Painting and Other Arts 460 Holy Roman Empire 462 Architecture 462 Painting and Other Arts 465 Italy 467 Normandy and England 470 Architecture 470 Painting and Other Arts 474 ART AND SOCIETY: Pilgrimages and the Cult of Relics 449 WRITTEN SOURCES: Timber Roofs and Stone Vaults 452 WRITTEN SOURCES: Bernard of Clairvaux on Cloister Sculpture 455 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Romanesque Church Portal 456 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Crusades 459 ART AND SOCIETY: Romanesque Countesses, Queens, and Nuns 465 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Embroidery and Tapestry 473 THE BIG PICTURE 476 CHAPTER 18 GOTHIC EUROPE 478 French Gothic 479 Architecture and Architectural Decoration 479 Book Illumination and Luxury Arts 498 Gothic Outside of France 503 England 503 Holy Roman Empire 506 WRITTEN SOURCES: Abbot Suger and the Rebuilding of Saint-Denis 480 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Rib Vault 481 ART AND SOCIETY: Scholasticism and Gothic Art and Architecture 483 ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Cathedral 486 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Stained-Glass Windows 489 ART AND SOCIETY: Louis IX, the Saintly King 499 THE BIG PICTURE 512 CHAPTER 19 ITALY, 1200 TO 1400 514 The 13th Century 514 Sculpture 514 Painting and Architecture 516 The 14th Century 519 Giotto 520 Siena 522 Florence 530 Pisa, Venice, and Milan 531 ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Artists’ Names 515 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Great Schism, Mendicant Orders, and Confraternities 518 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Fresco Painting 521 WRITTEN SOURCES: Artists’ Guilds, Commissions, and Contracts 523 ART AND SOCIETY: Artistic Training in Renaissance Italy 527 THE BIG PICTURE 534 CHAPTER 20 NORTHERN EUROPE, 1400 TO 1500 536 Burgundy and Flanders 536 Chartreuse de Champmol 537 Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, and Rogier van der Weyden 539 Later Flemish Panel Painters 546 France 549 Manuscript Painting 549 Panel Painting 551 Holy Roman Empire 551 Sculpture 551 Panel Painting 553 Graphic Arts 553 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tempera and Oil Painting 540 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Framed Paintings 543 ART AND SOCIETY: The Artist’s Profession in Flanders 545 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Woodcuts, Engravings, and Etchings 554 THE BIG PICTURE 556 CHAPTER 21 ITALY, 1400 TO 1500 558 Florence 559 Sculpture 559 Painting 569 Architecture 579 The Princely Courts 585 Rome and the Papal States 585 Urbino 587 Mantua 589 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Renaissance Perspectival Systems 564 ARTISTS ON ART: Cennino Cennini on Imitation and Emulation in Renaissance Art 570 ART AND SOCIETY: Renaissance Family Chapel Endowments 581 ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Princely Courts and Artistic Patronage 586 THE BIG PICTURE 594 CHAPTER 22 ITALY, 1500 TO 1600 596 High and Late Renaissance 596 Leonardo da Vinci 597 Raphael 601 Michelangelo 605 Architecture: Rome 614 Architecture: Venice 619 Venetian Painting 621 Mannerism 629 Painting 629 Sculpture 635 Architecture 637 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Renaissance Drawings 598 ARTISTS ON ART: Leonardo and Michelangelo on Painting versus Sculpture 605 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Restoring Renaissance Paintings 612 WRITTEN SOURCES: Religious Art in Counter-Reformation Italy 613 ARTISTS ON ART: Palma il Giovane on Titian 626 ART AND SOCIETY: Women in the Renaissance Art World 628 THE BIG PICTURE 640 CHAPTER 23 NORTHERN EUROPE AND SPAIN, 1500 TO 1600 625 642 Holy Roman Empire 643 France 651 The Netherlands 654 Spain 660 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Catholic and Protestant Views of Salvation 648 ART AND SOCIETY: Protestantism and Iconoclasm 649 THE BIG PICTURE 664 CHAPTER 24 ITALY AND SPAIN, 1600 TO 1700 649 666 Italy 666 Architecture and Sculpture 666 Painting 674 Spain 682 Painting 683 WRITTEN SOURCES: Giovanni Pietro Bellori on Annibale Carracci and Caravaggio 660 677 ARTISTS ON ART: The Letters of Artemisia Gentileschi 679 ART AND SOCIETY: Velázquez and Philip IV 685 THE BIG PICTURE 688 CHAPTER 25 NORTHERN EUROPE, 1600 TO 1700 690 Flanders 691 Painting 691 Dutch Republic 696 Ter Brugghen, van Honthorst, Hals, Leyster 696 Rembrandt 700 Landscape and Interior Painting 703 Still-Life Painting 706 France 708 Painting and Graphic Art 708 Architecture and Sculpture 714 England 718 Architecture 718 ARTISTS ON ART: Rubens on Consequences of War 694 ART AND SOCIETY: Middle-Class Patronage and the Art Market in the Dutch Republic 697 ARTISTS ON ART: Poussin’s Notes for a Treatise on Painting 709 THE BIG PICTURE 720 CHAPTER 26 SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AFTER 1200 722 India 722 Sultanate of Delhi 722 Vijayanagar Empire 723 Mughal Empire 724 Hindu Rajput Kingdoms 727 Nayak Dynasty 728 The British in India 729 Southeast Asia 730 Thailand 730 Myanmar 732 Vietnam 732 Contemporary Art 733 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Indian Miniature Painting 725 THE BIG PICTURE 734 CHAPTER 27 CHINA AND KOREA AFTER 1279 736 China 736 Yuan Dynasty 736 Ming Dynasty 740 Qing Dynasty 745 Modern China 747 Korea 747 Choson Dynasty 748 Modern Korea 749 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Porcelain 739 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Lacquered Wood 741 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Calligraphy and Inscriptions on Chinese Paintings 743 THE BIG PICTURE 750 CHAPTER 28 JAPAN AFTER 1336 752 Japan, 1336 to 1868 752 Muromachi Period 752 Momoyama Period 755 Edo Period 758 Modern Japan 763 Meiji Period 763 Showa Period 763 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Zen Buddhism 753 ART AND SOCIETY: The Japanese Tea Ceremony 757 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Japanese Woodblock Prints 761 THE BIG PICTURE 766 CHAPTER 29 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1700 TO 1800 768 Rococo 768 Architecture 769 Painting and Sculpture 771 The Enlightenment 774 Philosophy and Science 774 “Natural” Art 777 Neoclassicism 783 Painting 784 Architecture and Sculpture 787 WRITTEN SOURCES: Femmes Savantes and Salon Culture 770 WRITTEN SOURCES: Diderot on Chardin 777 ART AND SOCIETY: The Grand Tour and Veduta Painting 782 ART AND SOCIETY: The Excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii 783 ARTISTS ON ART: David on Greek Style and Public Art 785 THE BIG PICTURE 792 CHAPTER 30 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1800 TO 1870 794 Art Under Napoleon 794 Romanticism 801 Roots of Romanticism 801 Spain and France 803 Landscape Painting 810 Realism 815 France 815 Germany and the United States 822 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 826 Architecture 827 Photography 832 ART AND SOCIETY: The Romantic Spirit in Art, Music, and Literature 807 ARTISTS ON ART: Delacroix in Morocco 809 ARTISTS ON ART: Courbet on Realism 816 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Lithography 818 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Daguerreotype, Calotype, and Wet-Plate Photography 831 THE BIG PICTURE 836 CHAPTER 31 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1870 TO 1900 838 Impressionism 839 Post-Impressionism 848 Symbolism 855 Sculpture 860 Architecture and Decorative Arts 863 ART AND SOCIETY: Academic Salons and Independent Art Exhibitions 840 ARTISTS ON ART: Renoir on the Art of Painting 844 ART AND SOCIETY: Japonisme 846 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: 19th-Century Color Theory 849 ARTISTS ON ART: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh 851 ARTISTS ON ART: Rodin on Movement in Art and Photography 862 THE BIG PICTURE 868 CHAPTER 32 NATIVE ARTS OF THE AMERICAS AFTER 1300 870 Mesoamerica 870 Mixteca-Puebla 871 Aztec 871 South America 875 Inka 875 North America 877 Southwest 878 Northwest Coast and Alaska 879 Great Plains 883 RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Aztec Religion 873 ART AND SOCIETY: Gender Roles in Native American Art 880 THE BIG PICTURE 886 CHAPTER 33 OCEANIA 888 Australia and Melanesia 889 Australia 889 New Guinea 890 Micronesia 895 Caroline Islands 895 Polynesia 897 Easter Island 897 Tonga 898 Cook and Marquesas Islands 899 Hawaii 901 New Zealand 902 ART AND SOCIETY: Women’s Roles in Oceania 896 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tongan Barkcloth 898 ART AND SOCIETY: Tattoo in Polynesia 900 THE BIG PICTURE 904 CHAPTER 34 AFRICA AFTER 1800 906 19th Century 906 San 906 Fang and Kota 907 Kalabari Ijaw 909 Bamum 909 Fon 910 Kongo 910 Dogon 911 Baule 911 20th Century 912 Benin 912 Asante 914 Yoruba 915 Senufo 916 Dogon 917 Mende 918 Kuba 918 Samburu 920 Igbo 920 Contemporary Art 921 ART AND SOCIETY: Gender Roles in African Art Production 913 ART AND SOCIETY: African Artists and Apprentices 914 ART AND SOCIETY: African Masquerades 916 ART AND SOCIETY: Mende Women as Maskers 918 THE BIG PICTURE 924 CHAPTER 35 EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1900 TO 1945 926 Europe, 1900 to 1920 927 Fauvism 928 German Expressionism 930 Primitivism and Cubism 935 Futurism 943 Dada 945 America, 1900 to 1930 949 Painting and Sculpture 950 Photography 955 Europe, 1920 to 1945 957 Picasso in the 1930s 957 Neue Sachlichkeit 957 Surrealism 960 Suprematism, Constructivism, and De Stijl 965 Sculpture 967 America, 1930 to 1945 970 Sculpture and Photography 970 Painting 972 Architecture 977 Europe 977 America 981 ARTISTS ON ART: Matisse on Color 929 ART AND SOCIETY: Science and Art in the Early 20th Century 932 ART AND SOCIETY: Gertrude and Leo Stein and the Avant-Garde 935 ART AND SOCIETY: Primitivism and Colonialism 937 ARTISTS ON ART: Picasso on Cubism 941 ARTISTS ON ART: Futurist Manifestos 944 ART AND SOCIETY: Art “Matronage” in America 950 ART AND SOCIETY: The Armory Show 951 ART AND SOCIETY: Degenerate Art 962 ARTISTS ON ART: Brancusi, Hepworth, and Moore on Abstract Sculpture 968 ART AND SOCIETY: The Museum of Modern Art and the Avant-Garde 971 ARTISTS ON ART: Rivera on Art for the People 976 THE BIG PICTURE 984 CHAPTER 36 EUROPE AND AMERICA AFTER 1945 986 Painting and Sculpture, 1945 to 1970 987 Postwar Expressionism in Europe 987 Abstract Expressionism 989 Post-Painterly Abstraction 992 Sculpture 995 Pop Art 998 Superrealism 1002 Painting and Sculpture since 1970 1004 Neo-Expressionism 1004 Feminist Art 1006 Architecture and Site-Specific Art 1019 Modernism 1019 Postmodernism 1025 Deconstructivism 1028 Performance and Conceptual Art and New Media 1034 Performance Art 1034 Conceptual Art 1037 New Media 1038 ARTISTS ON ART: Jackson Pollock on Easel and Mural Painting 990 ARTISTS ON ART: Helen Frankenthaler on Color-Field Painting 994 ARTISTS ON ART: David Smith on Outdoor Sculpture 995 ARTISTS ON ART: Donald Judd on Sculpture and Industrial Materials 996 ARTISTS ON ART: Roy Lichtenstein on Pop Art 1000 ARTISTS ON ART: Chuck Close on Portrait Painting and Photography 1003 ARTISTS ON ART: Judy Chicago on The Dinner Party 1007 ART AND SOCIETY: Public Funding of Controversial Art 1013 ART AND SOCIETY: Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1024 ARTISTS ON ART: Philip Johnson on Postmodern Architecture 1026 ARTISTS ON ART: Frank Gehry on Architectural Design and Materials 1029 ART AND SOCIETY: Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc 1033 ARTISTS ON ART: Carolee Schneemann on Painting, Performance Art, and Art History 1035 THE BIG PICTURE 1042 NOTES 1043 GLOSSARY 1047 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1063 CREDITS 1077 INDEX 1083 Contains: - Volume I: [Ancient, Medieval, and Non-European Art](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18151172W/Ancient_Medieval_and_Non-European_Art) - Volume II: [Renaissance and Modern Art](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15125458W/Renaissance_and_Modern_Art) - Book B: [The Middle Ages](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17551781W/The_Middle_Ages) - Book D: [Renaissance and Baroque](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16584968W/Renaissance_and_Baroque) - Book E: [Modern Europe and America](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17527112W/Modern_Europe_and_America) - Book F: [Non-Western Art to 1300](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3002702W/Non-Western_Art_to_1300) Since publication of the first edition in 1926, Helen Gardner’s Art through the Ages has been a favorite with generations of students and general readers, who have found it an exciting and informative survey. Miss Gardner’s enthusiasm, knowledge, and humanity have made it possible for the beginner to learn how to see and thereby to penetrate the seeming mysteries of even the most complex artistic achievements. Every effort has been made in this volume to preserve her freshness and simplicity of style and, above all, her sympathetic approach to individual works of art and to the styles of which they are a part.