Gale Encyclopedia of United States Economic History (2 Volumes Set)

The Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History offers to students comprehensive coverage of American economic history from the Paleolithic Age to the present with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The topics selected for inclusion by our board of advisors have been chosen to support most textbooks on American history, and this work should be a useful tool for juniors and seniors in high school and first- and second-year college students who are beginning an investigation of the subject. The student will find articles on the Aztec, Maya, and Inca, because many texts begin with a chapter on the early history of our southern neighbors. The history of Native Americans has also been included, so articles can be found on Mound Builders, Plains Indians, Five Civilized Tribes, the Trail of Tears and many other topics. Successful women and minority leaders are also to be found. There is, of course, a wealth of material on the rise of the United States as an industrial power. Brilliant inventors, labor unionizers, robber barons, reformers, political leaders, and manufacturers of products as disparate as Colt revolvers and modern computer software can all be found on these pages. Table of Contents......Page 4 Advisory Board......Page 5 Photo and Illustration Credits......Page 6 Contents by Era......Page 10 Preface......Page 18 Introduction......Page 19 Chronology......Page 20 Vol.1: A-K......Page 1 Adams-onis Treaty......Page 52 Addams, (laura) Jane......Page 53 Advertising Industry......Page 54 Affirmative Action......Page 57 Africans Arrive In Virginia, 1619......Page 59 The Age Of Revolution, 1763–1790......Page 60 Aggregate Supply......Page 64 Agricultural Equipment Industry......Page 65 Agriculture Industry......Page 67 Air Traffic Controller Strike......Page 68 Airline Deregulation......Page 70 Airline Industry......Page 71 Alabama......Page 73 Alaska......Page 76 Alaska Purchase......Page 79 Alaskan Pipeline, Building Of......Page 80 Allen, Paul Gardner......Page 82 Allocate......Page 83 American Federation Of Labor (afl)......Page 84 American Plants......Page 85 American Revolution......Page 86 American Revolution, Loyalty To Great Britain During......Page 88 American Smelting And Refining Company......Page 90 American System Of Manufactures......Page 91 American Tobacco Company......Page 92 Americans With Disabilities Act (ada)......Page 93 Ames, Oakes......Page 94 Ames, Oliver......Page 95 Amusement Parks......Page 96 Andersen, Arthur Edward......Page 97 Andreesen, Marc......Page 98 Anti-immigration Laws......Page 99 Appreciation......Page 100 Arbitration......Page 101 Arizona......Page 102 Arkansas......Page 104 Arms Race......Page 107 Articles Of Confederation......Page 108 Asian Financial Crisis......Page 110 Asset......Page 111 Astor, John Jacob......Page 113 At&t Corporation......Page 114 Automobile Industry......Page 117 Automobile, Origin Of......Page 119 Aztec......Page 120 Back Country......Page 121 Balance Of Trade......Page 122 Baldridge, Malcolm Howard......Page 123 Baltimore And Ohio Railroad......Page 124 Bank Of The United States (second National Bank)......Page 126 Bank War......Page 127 Barbary States......Page 128 Barnum, Phineas Taylor......Page 129 Baruch, Bernard Mannes......Page 131 Baseball......Page 132 Bean, Leon Leonwood......Page 133 Bear And Bull Markets......Page 134 Bechtel, Stephen Davison......Page 135 Bell, Alexander Graham......Page 136 Bennett, James Gordon......Page 137 Beringia......Page 138 Bethune, Mary Mcleod......Page 139 Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah......Page 141 B.f. Goodrich......Page 142 Bicycles......Page 143 Biddle, Nicholas......Page 144 Big Stick Diplomacy......Page 145 Black & Decker Corporation......Page 146 Black Gold......Page 148 Black Hawk War (1832)......Page 149 Black Market......Page 150 Blackwell, Henry Brown......Page 151 Bleeding Kansas......Page 152 Boeing Company......Page 153 Bonanza Farms......Page 156 Boone, Daniel......Page 157 Borden, Inc.......Page 159 Boston Massacre......Page 160 Boston Tea Party (1773)......Page 162 Boycott......Page 164 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz......Page 165 Brewing Industry......Page 167 Brotherhood Of Sleeping Car Porters......Page 170 Brunswick Corporation......Page 171 Bryan, William Jennings......Page 173 Budget Deficit......Page 174 Buffalo, Extermination Of......Page 175 Buffett, Warren......Page 177 Burnham, Daniel Hudson......Page 178 Busch, Adolphus......Page 180 Business Cycle......Page 181 California......Page 183 Campbell Soup Company......Page 186 Capital Gain......Page 187 Carnegie, Andrew......Page 188 Carrier, Willis Haviland......Page 190 Cartel......Page 191 Carver, George Washington......Page 192 Case, Stephen M.......Page 193 Caterpillar Inc.......Page 195 Cattle Drives......Page 197 Cattle Industry......Page 199 Central Bank......Page 200 Central Pacific Railroad......Page 202 Chandler, Alfred Dupont......Page 204 Chase, Salmon Portland......Page 205 Chavez, Cesar Estrada......Page 207 Chicago Fire Of 1871......Page 208 Child Labor......Page 210 Chinese Exclusion Act......Page 212 Chrysler Corporation......Page 214 Chrysler, Walter Percy......Page 216 Civil Rights Acts Of 1866, 1875......Page 218 Civil Rights Movement......Page 219 Civil Service Act......Page 222 Civil War And Industrial Expansion, 1860–1897......Page 223 Civil War, Economic Causes Of......Page 225 Civil War, Economic Impact Of......Page 228 Clay, Henry......Page 230 Clipper Ships......Page 232 Coal Industry......Page 233 Coca-cola Beverages......Page 234 Cold War......Page 236 Colonies, Corporate......Page 239 Colonies, Distribution Of Wealth In......Page 240 Colonies, Proprietary......Page 241 Colorado......Page 242 Colt’s Manufacturing Company......Page 244 Command Economy......Page 246 Comparative Advantage......Page 247 Competition......Page 248 Computer Industry......Page 249 Confederate Dollar......Page 250 Congress Of Racial Equality......Page 251 Connecticut......Page 252 Conservatism......Page 254 Constitution, Economic Benefits Of The......Page 256 Consumer Goods......Page 258 Consumption......Page 259 The Contemporary World, 1974 To The Present......Page 260 Continentals......Page 263 Cooke, Jay......Page 264 Corporate Restructuring......Page 266 Cost Of Living Index......Page 267 Coughlin, Charles Edward......Page 268 Covered Wagon......Page 270 Cowboy......Page 271 Coxey, Jacob Sechler......Page 272 Credit......Page 273 Croly, Herbert......Page 274 Cross Of Gold Speech......Page 275 Currency......Page 276 Custom Duties......Page 277 Debs, Eugene Victor......Page 278 Debt......Page 279 Deere, John......Page 280 Defense Spending......Page 281 Delaware......Page 282 Dell, Michael......Page 285 Deming, William Edwards......Page 286 Department Store......Page 287 Depression And World War Ii, 1929–1945......Page 288 Devos, Richard......Page 293 Discount Rate......Page 294 Disincentives......Page 295 Disney, Walter Elias......Page 296 Disposable Income......Page 297 Dix, Dorothea Lynde......Page 298 Dollar Diplomacy......Page 299 Dow, Charles Henry......Page 301 Dred Scott Case......Page 302 Drew, Daniel......Page 303 Drucker, Peter Ferdinand......Page 304 Dry Farming......Page 305 Duke, James Buchanan......Page 306 Dupont Company......Page 307 Du Pont, йleuthиre Irйnйe......Page 309 Durable Goods......Page 310 Durant, Thomas Clark......Page 311 Durant, William Crapo......Page 312 Dust Bowl......Page 313 Early Republic To Civil War, 1815–1860......Page 316 Eastman, George......Page 319 Eastman Kodak......Page 321 Economic Development, Federal Involvement In......Page 322 Economic Growth......Page 324 Economies Of Scale......Page 325 Edison, Thomas Alva......Page 326 Efficiency......Page 327 Eighteenth Amendment......Page 328 Eisner, Michael D(ammann)......Page 329 Ellis Island......Page 330 Emancipation Proclamation......Page 331 Embargo......Page 332 Emergency Price Control Act......Page 333 Entertainment Industry......Page 334 Environmentalism......Page 337 Equal Opportunity Act......Page 339 Equity......Page 340 An Era Of Economic Instability, 1897–1920......Page 341 Erie Canal, Building Of......Page 343 European Loans......Page 345 Evans, Oliver......Page 346 Excise Tax......Page 347 Expansionists......Page 348 Exxon Corporation......Page 349 Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938......Page 352 Fallen Timbers, Battle Of......Page 353 Family And Medical Leave Act......Page 354 Farm Credit Administration......Page 355 Farmers’ Protest Movements, 1870–1900......Page 356 Federal Railroad Administration......Page 359 Federal Reserve Act Of 1913......Page 360 Federal Reserve System......Page 361 Federalism......Page 362 Field, Marshall......Page 363 Financial Panic......Page 365 Firestone, Harvey Samuel......Page 366 Fishing Industry (commercial)......Page 367 Flat Tax Provision......Page 369 Florida......Page 371 Food Processing Industry......Page 374 Forbes, Malcolm Stevenson......Page 376 Ford, Henry......Page 378 Ford Motor Company......Page 380 Foreign Investment In The United States......Page 382 Foreign Investment Of U.s. Companies Abroad......Page 384 Fourteenth Amendment......Page 385 Fractional Reserve Banking......Page 386 Franklin, Benjamin......Page 387 Free Enterprise......Page 388 Free Trade......Page 389 Freedmen’s Bureau......Page 392 Frйmont, John Charles......Page 393 French And Indian War (1754–1763)......Page 395 Friedman, Milton......Page 397 Fugitive Slave Act Of 1850......Page 398 Fuller, Richard Buckminster, Jr.......Page 400 Fulton, Robert......Page 402 Furniture Industry......Page 403 Galbraith, John Kenneth......Page 405 Gallup, George Horace......Page 407 Gates, William Henry Iii......Page 408 General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (gatt)......Page 410 General Electric Company......Page 412 General Motors Corporation......Page 414 Georgia......Page 415 Gerber Products Company......Page 418 Getty, J(ean) Paul......Page 419 Ghetto......Page 420 Gi Bill......Page 421 Giannini, Amadeo Peter......Page 422 Gillette Company......Page 423 Gillette, King Camp......Page 424 Global Economy......Page 425 Gold Rush Of 1849......Page 426 Gold Standard......Page 428 Gompers, Samuel......Page 430 Goodyear, Charles......Page 432 Gorman, Leon Arthur......Page 433 Gould, Jayson ‘‘jay’’......Page 434 Government Farm Policy......Page 436 Government Land Policy......Page 438 Graying Of America......Page 440 Great Depression......Page 442 Great Depression, Causes Of......Page 444 Great Migration (1630– 1640)......Page 446 Great Migration, 1910– 1920......Page 447 Great Railroad Strike Of 1877......Page 448 The Great Society......Page 450 Greenback Party......Page 452 Greenspan, Alan......Page 453 Gross Domestic Product......Page 454 Gross National Product......Page 455 Gruen, Victor David......Page 456 Guggenheim, Daniel......Page 457 Halpin, James......Page 459 Hamilton, Alexander......Page 460 Hammer, Armand......Page 462 Hancock, John......Page 463 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo......Page 464 Harley-davidson, Inc.......Page 465 Harpers Ferry Raid......Page 468 Harrington, Edward Michael......Page 469 Hawaii......Page 470 Hay, John Milton......Page 473 Haymarket Bombing......Page 474 Health Maintenance Organizations (hmos)......Page 475 Hearst, William Randolph......Page 477 H.j. Heinz Company......Page 478 Hepburn Act......Page 480 Hershey Foods Corporation......Page 481 Hill, James Jerome......Page 482 Hilton, William Barron......Page 484 Hires, Charles Elmer......Page 485 Hoffa, James Riddle......Page 486 Hollerith, Herman......Page 487 Home Front......Page 488 Homestead Act (1862)......Page 489 Homestead Steel Strike......Page 491 Hooverville......Page 492 Hopkins, Harry Lloyd......Page 493 Howard Johnson International, Inc.......Page 495 Howe, Samuel Gridley......Page 497 Hughes, Howard Robard......Page 498 Human Capital......Page 500 Iacocca, Lido Anthony......Page 502 Idaho......Page 504 Illegal Drugs......Page 506 Illinois......Page 509 Immigration......Page 512 Imperialism (possession Of Colonies)......Page 514 Imports......Page 516 Incentive......Page 517 Income Gap......Page 518 Indentured Servants......Page 519 Independence, Economic Impact Of......Page 520 Indiana......Page 522 Indigo......Page 524 Industrial Revolution......Page 525 Industrial Workers Of The World (iww)......Page 527 Industrialization......Page 528 Information Superhighway......Page 530 Interest......Page 531 International Business Machines Corporation (ibm)......Page 532 Internet......Page 534 Internet And The Economy......Page 535 Interstate Commerce Commission Act......Page 536 Interstate Commerce: Regulation And Deregulation......Page 537 Interstate Highway Act......Page 539 Intolerable Acts (1774)......Page 541 Iowa......Page 542 Ironclads......Page 545 Irrigation......Page 546 Isolationism......Page 547 Jackson, Andrew......Page 550 Japan, Opening Of......Page 552 Jay Treaty......Page 553 Jefferson, Thomas......Page 555 Jim Crow Laws......Page 557 Jobs, Steven Paul......Page 558 Johnson, Hugh Samuel......Page 559 Jones, Mary Harris......Page 561 Jones, Samuel Milton......Page 563 Junk Bonds......Page 564 Kaiser, Henry John......Page 565 Kansas......Page 566 Kansas-nebraska Act (1854)......Page 569 Kelley, Florence......Page 570 Kellogg Company......Page 572 Kellogg, Frank Billings......Page 574 Kellogg, Will Keith......Page 575 Kelsey-hayes......Page 576 Kentucky......Page 578 Keynes, John Maynard......Page 580 Kimberly-clark Corporation......Page 582 King Cotton......Page 583 King, Martin Luther, Jr.......Page 584 King, Richard......Page 586 Klondike Gold Strike......Page 587 Knopf, Blanche......Page 589 Korean War......Page 590 Kresge, Sebastian Spering......Page 592 Kroc, Raymond Albert......Page 594 Kroger Company......Page 595 Ku Klux Klan......Page 597 Vol.2: L-Z......Page 599 Labor Movement......Page 601 Labor Unionism......Page 605 Lafollette, Robert Marion......Page 607 Land O’lakes, Inc.......Page 609 Land Ordinance Of 1785......Page 611 Lane, Gertrude Battles......Page 612 Lange, Dorothea Margaretta......Page 613 Lasker, Albert David......Page 614 Lauder, Estee......Page 615 Lease, Mary Elizabeth......Page 616 Lee, Ivy Ledbetter......Page 618 Leontief, Wassily......Page 619 Lever Food Control Act......Page 620 Levitt, William Jaird......Page 621 Lewis And Clark Expedition......Page 622 Lewis, John Llewellyn......Page 624 Lewis, Sinclair......Page 626 Liberalism......Page 627 Liberty Bonds......Page 629 Lobbying......Page 630 Long, Huey Pierce......Page 631 Louisiana......Page 632 Louisiana Purchase......Page 634 Lowell, Francis Cabot......Page 636 Lowell System Of Labor......Page 637 Lukens, Rebecca......Page 638 Lumber Industry......Page 639 Maine......Page 642 Manifest Destiny......Page 645 Marcus, Stanley Harold......Page 646 Market......Page 648 Market Revolution......Page 649 Marshall Plan......Page 650 Maryland......Page 652 Massachusetts......Page 655 Maysville Road Bill......Page 658 Maytag Corporation......Page 659 Mccormick, Cyrus Hall......Page 660 Mccormick Reaper......Page 662 Mcgraw-hill Companies......Page 663 Medicare......Page 665 Mellon, Andrew......Page 666 Mercantilism......Page 667 Merger......Page 669 Merrill, Charles Edward......Page 670 Mesa Verde......Page 672 Mexican Bail-out......Page 673 Mexican Cession (1848)......Page 675 Michigan......Page 676 Microsoft Corporation......Page 679 Migrant Workers......Page 682 Military Industrial Complex......Page 683 Minimum Wage Law......Page 685 Minnesota......Page 686 Mississippi......Page 689 Mississippi River......Page 692 Missouri......Page 693 Missouri Compromise......Page 695 Mitchell, John......Page 696 Model T......Page 697 Molasses Act Of 1733......Page 698 Money......Page 699 Monopolies......Page 700 Monroe Doctrine......Page 703 Monroe, James......Page 705 Montana......Page 706 Montgomery Ward And Co.......Page 708 Morgan, John Pierpont......Page 710 Morita, Akio......Page 711 Morris, Robert......Page 712 Morse, Samuel Finley Breese......Page 713 Mortgage......Page 716 Movies......Page 717 Muckrakers......Page 718 Multiplier......Page 719 Mutual Fund......Page 720 Nabisco Foods Group......Page 722 Nader, Ralph......Page 723 Napoleonic Wars, Impact On The U.s. Economy......Page 724 Nat Turner’s Rebellion......Page 726 National Bank Act Of 1863......Page 727 National Broadcasting Company Inc. (nbc)......Page 728 National Debt......Page 731 National Grange......Page 732 National Industrial Recovery Act......Page 733 National Recovery Administration......Page 734 National Road, Building Of The......Page 735 Native American Policy......Page 736 Native Americans, Treatment Of (spain Vs. England)......Page 738 Naval Stores......Page 740 Navigation Acts, Economic Burden On The American Colonies......Page 741 Nebraska......Page 743 Netscape Communications Corporation......Page 745 Nevada......Page 747 New Deal......Page 749 New Deal: Reform Or Revolution......Page 752 New Hampshire......Page 754 New Jersey......Page 757 New Mexico......Page 760 New Orleans, Louisiana......Page 762 New Sweden......Page 764 New York......Page 765 New York Central Railroad......Page 767 New York Yankees......Page 768 Nielsen, Arthur Charles......Page 770 Nineteenth Amendment......Page 771 Nixon, Richard Milhous......Page 772 Norris-laguardia Act Of 1932......Page 773 North American Free Trade Agreement......Page 775 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato)......Page 776 North Carolina......Page 777 North Dakota......Page 780 Northern Securities Case......Page 782 Northwest Ordinance......Page 784 Northwestern Coast Indians......Page 785 Nuclear Energy......Page 786 Ohio......Page 789 Ohio Valley......Page 792 Oklahoma......Page 793 Old Southwest......Page 796 Opec Oil Embargo......Page 797 Open Door Policy......Page 799 Open Range......Page 800 Oregon......Page 801 Oregon Country Cessation......Page 804 Oregon Trail......Page 806 Otis Elevator Company, Inc.......Page 807 Overman Act......Page 808 Ozone Layer......Page 809 Panamal Canal, Building Of The......Page 810 Panic Of 1819......Page 813 Panic Of 1837......Page 814 Panic Of 1907......Page 816 Panics Of The Late Nineteenth Century......Page 817 Paper Industry......Page 819 Patent......Page 820 Penney, James Cash......Page 822 Pennsylvania......Page 823 Pennsylvania Railroad......Page 826 Pensions......Page 827 Perkins, Frances......Page 828 Perry, Matthew Calbraith......Page 830 Petroleum Industry......Page 831 Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 832 Pickens, Thomas Boone, Jr.......Page 834 Pieces Of Eight......Page 836 Pike’s Expedition......Page 837 Pilgrims......Page 838 Pinchot, Gifford......Page 839 Pinckney Treaty......Page 840 Pinkerton National Detective Agency......Page 841 Pinkham, Lydia Estes......Page 842 Piracy......Page 843 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company......Page 844 Plains Indians......Page 845 Plessy V. Ferguson......Page 846 Poll Tax......Page 848 Pony Express......Page 849 Populist Movement......Page 850 Porkopolis......Page 851 Post, William Charles......Page 852 Postum Cereal Company......Page 853 Postwar Boom......Page 855 Postwar Prosperity, 1946– 1973......Page 857 Potatoes......Page 860 Powderly, Terence Vincent......Page 861 Price......Page 863 Private Property Rights......Page 864 Proclamation Of 1763......Page 865 Procter And Gamble Company......Page 866 Procter, William Cooper......Page 868 Proctor, Barbara Gardner......Page 870 Profit......Page 872 Prohibition......Page 873 Proportional Tax......Page 875 The Prosperity Decade, 1921–1928......Page 876 Protectionism......Page 878 Publishing Industry......Page 879 Pulitzer, Joseph......Page 882 Pullman Palace Car Company......Page 885 Pullman Strike Of 1894......Page 886 Pure Food And Drug Act......Page 888 Putting-out System......Page 890 Pyramiding Reserves......Page 891 Quebec Act Of 1774......Page 892 Quotas......Page 893 Radical Unions......Page 894 Radio......Page 897 Rag Money......Page 898 Railroad Industry......Page 899 Railroads, Federal Land Grants To......Page 901 Rand, Ayn......Page 902 Randolph, Asa Philip......Page 903 Rca-victor Company......Page 905 Reagan, Ronald Wilson......Page 907 Reaganomics......Page 908 Rebates......Page 910 Reconstruction......Page 911 Recycling Programs......Page 913 Reinforced Concrete......Page 914 Research And Development......Page 915 Retail Industry......Page 916 Revenue......Page 917 Revere, Paul......Page 918 Rhode Island......Page 919 Rhode Island System Of Labor......Page 921 Ricardo, David......Page 922 Right To Work......Page 923 Robber Barons......Page 924 Rockefeller, John Davison......Page 925 Roebling, John Augustus......Page 926 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano......Page 927 Rosie The Riveter......Page 929 Rubbermaid Incorporated......Page 930 Rudkin, Margaret Fogarty......Page 931 Rust Belt......Page 933 Saint Lawrence Seaway......Page 935 Samuel Slater Builds The First Factory......Page 936 Santa Fe......Page 938 Savings......Page 939 Savings And Loan Failures......Page 940 Schumpeter, Joseph Alois......Page 943 Sears, Richard Warren......Page 945 Sears, Roebuck And Co.......Page 947 Sectionalism......Page 950 Securities And Exchange Commission......Page 951 Selective Service Act......Page 952 )......Page 953 Sharecropping......Page 956 Shays’ Rebellion......Page 957 Sheep Herders......Page 958 Sherman Anti-trust Act......Page 959 Sherman Silver Purchase Act......Page 960 Sherman’s March Through Georgia......Page 961 Shipbuilding Industry......Page 962 Sinclair, Upton Beall, Jr.......Page 964 Singer, Isaac Merrit......Page 965 Sixteenth Amendment......Page 967 Slater, Samuel......Page 968 Slave Codes......Page 969 Slavery......Page 970 Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr.......Page 973 Slums......Page 975 Smith, Adam......Page 976 Social Gospel......Page 977 Social Security Act......Page 978 Socialism......Page 979 Sony Corporation......Page 980 Soo Locks......Page 982 South Carolina......Page 983 South Dakota......Page 985 Southwestern Indians......Page 987 Space Race......Page 988 Spanish-american War......Page 990 Speculation......Page 992 Spoils System......Page 993 Springfield Armory......Page 994 Stamp Act (1765)......Page 995 Standard Oil Company......Page 997 Stanford, Leland......Page 999 States’ Rights......Page 1001 Steamboat Act Of 1852......Page 1002 Steel Industry......Page 1003 Steel Plow......Page 1005 Stevens, John......Page 1006 Stock Market......Page 1007 Stock Market Crash Of 1929......Page 1009 Streetcars......Page 1010 Strike......Page 1011 Structural Unemployment......Page 1012 Studebaker......Page 1013 Suburbs, Rise Of......Page 1015 Sugar Act (1764)......Page 1017 Sullivan, Louis Henry......Page 1018 Supply And Demand......Page 1019 Surplus......Page 1020 Taft, William Howard......Page 1021 Taft-hartley Act......Page 1022 Tarbell, Ida Minerva......Page 1023 Tariff Of Abominations......Page 1025 Tariffs......Page 1026 Taylor, Frederick Winston......Page 1027 Tecumseh, Death Of......Page 1028 Temperance Movement......Page 1030 Tenements......Page 1032 Tennessee......Page 1033 Tennessee Valley Authority......Page 1035 Texas......Page 1037 Texas Annexation......Page 1040 Texas Company......Page 1041 Textile Industry......Page 1043 Thomas, Norman Mattoon......Page 1045 Times Mirror Co.......Page 1046 Tire And Rubber Industry......Page 1048 Tobacco......Page 1049 Tobacco Industry......Page 1050 Tobacco Trust......Page 1052 Tordesillas, Treaty Of......Page 1053 Townshend Acts......Page 1054 Trade......Page 1055 Trail Of Tears......Page 1056 Transcontinental Railroad......Page 1058 Transportation Act......Page 1059 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire......Page 1060 Triangular Trade......Page 1061 Tribute......Page 1062 Trippe, Juan Terry......Page 1063 Trucking Industry (commercial)......Page 1064 Truman, Harry S.......Page 1065 Trump, Donald John......Page 1066 Trust-busting......Page 1069 Tupper, Earl Silas......Page 1071 Turnpikes......Page 1073 Tyler Preemption Act Of 1841......Page 1074 Tyson Foods......Page 1075 Underground Railroad......Page 1077 Unemployment......Page 1079 Union Pacific Railroad Company......Page 1080 United Farm Workers......Page 1082 United Mine Workers (umw)......Page 1083 United Parcel Service Of America......Page 1084 United States Rubber Company......Page 1086 United States Steel......Page 1087 Upjohn Company......Page 1089 Urban Renewal......Page 1090 Urbanization......Page 1092 Utah......Page 1093 Utilities Industry......Page 1096 Utopian Communities, Communes......Page 1098 Vanderbilt, Cornelius......Page 1101 Vaudeville......Page 1102 Veblen, Thorstein Bonde......Page 1103 Vermont......Page 1104 Vietnam War......Page 1107 Virginia......Page 1109 Wage-price Controls......Page 1112 Wal-mart Stores......Page 1113 Walker, Francis Amasa......Page 1114 Wall Street......Page 1116 Wall Street Journal......Page 1117 Wallace, Henry......Page 1118 Walton, Sam Moore......Page 1119 War And Commercial Independence, 1790-1815......Page 1121 War And The Economy......Page 1125 War Industries Board (wib)......Page 1128 War Labor Disputes Act......Page 1129 War Of 1812......Page 1130 Warner, Jack Leonard......Page 1131 Washington......Page 1133 Washington, Booker Taliaferro......Page 1136 Washington, George......Page 1138 Watson, Thomas John......Page 1139 Welfare Policy......Page 1141 Welland Canal......Page 1143 Wells, Fargo And Company......Page 1144 West Virginia......Page 1145 Western Union Corporation......Page 1148 Westinghouse, George......Page 1149 Westward Expansion......Page 1150 Weyerhaeuser Company......Page 1153 Whaling Industry......Page 1154 Whiskey Rebellion......Page 1156 Wild And Scenic River Act......Page 1158 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow......Page 1159 Wisconsin......Page 1161 Women In The Workplace......Page 1164 Women’s Movement......Page 1167 Work Ethic......Page 1169 Working Conditions In Factories......Page 1170 World War I......Page 1172 World War II......Page 1174 Wozniak, Stephen Gary......Page 1176 Wright, Frank Lloyd......Page 1178 Wrigley, William, Jr.......Page 1180 Wyoming......Page 1182 Yellow Dog Contracts......Page 1185 Zenith Electronics Corporation......Page 1186 Table of Contents 4 Advisory Board 5 Photo and Illustration Credits 6 Contents by Era 10 Preface 18 Introduction 19 Chronology 20 Vol.1: A-K 1 A 52 Abolition 52 Adams-onis Treaty 52 Addams, (laura) Jane 53 Advertising Industry 54 Affirmative Action 57 Africans Arrive In Virginia, 1619 59 The Age Of Revolution, 1763–1790 60 Aggregate Demand 64 Aggregate Supply 64 Agricultural Equipment Industry 65 Agriculture Industry 67 Air Traffic Controller Strike 68 Airline Deregulation 70 Airline Industry 71 Alabama 73 Alabama Claims 76 Alaska 76 Alaska Purchase 79 Alaskan Pipeline, Building Of 80 Allen, Paul Gardner 82 Allocate 83 American Federation Of Labor (afl) 84 American Plan 85 American Plants 85 American Railway Union (aru) 86 American Revolution 86 American Revolution, Loyalty To Great Britain During 88 American Smelting And Refining Company 90 American System Of Manufactures 91 American Tobacco Company 92 Americans With Disabilities Act (ada) 93 Ames, Oakes 94 Ames, Oliver 95 Amusement Parks 96 Anasazi Indians 97 Andersen, Arthur Edward 97 Andreesen, Marc 98 Anti-immigration Laws 99 Appalachian Mountains 100 Appreciation 100 Arbitration 101 Arizona 102 Arkansas 104 Arms Race 107 Arsenal Of Democracy 108 Articles Of Confederation 108 Asian Financial Crisis 110 Assembly Line 111 Asset 111 Astor, John Jacob 113 At&t Corporation 114 Automobile Industry 117 Automobile, Origin Of 119 Aztec 120 B 121 Baby Boom 121 Back Country 121 Balance Of Payments 122 Balance Of Trade 122 Balanced Budget Amendment 123 Baldridge, Malcolm Howard 123 Baltimore And Ohio Railroad 124 Bank Of The United States (first National Bank) 126 Bank Of The United States (second National Bank) 126 Bank War 127 Barbary States 128 Barbed Wire 129 Barnum, Phineas Taylor 129 Barter 131 Baruch, Bernard Mannes 131 Baseball 132 Bean, Leon Leonwood 133 Bear And Bull Markets 134 Bechtel, Stephen Davison 135 Bell, Alexander Graham 136 Bennett, James Gordon 137 Beringia 138 Bessemer Process 139 Bethune, Mary Mcleod 139 Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah 141 B.f. Goodrich 142 Bicycles 143 Biddle, Nicholas 144 Big Stick Diplomacy 145 Birds Of Passage 146 Black & Decker Corporation 146 Black Codes 148 Black Gold 148 Black Hawk War (1832) 149 Black Market 150 Blackwell, Henry Brown 151 Bland-allison Act 152 Bleeding Kansas 152 Blockade 153 Boeing Company 153 Boll Weevil Infestation 156 Bonanza Farms 156 Bonds 157 Boone, Daniel 157 Borden, Inc. 159 Boston Massacre 160 Boston Tea Party (1773) 162 Boycott 164 Brand Names 165 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz 165 Bretton Woods Agreement 167 Brewing Industry 167 Brook Farm 170 Brooklyn Bridge 170 Brotherhood Of Sleeping Car Porters 170 Brunswick Corporation 171 Bryan, William Jennings 173 Budget Deficit 174 Buffalo, Extermination Of 175 Buffett, Warren 177 Burnham, Daniel Hudson 178 Busch, Adolphus 180 Business Cycle 181 C 183 California 183 Campbell Soup Company 186 Canning 187 Capital 187 Capital Gain 187 Capital Goods 188 Capitalism 188 Carnegie, Andrew 188 Carpetbaggers 190 Carrier, Willis Haviland 190 Cartel 191 Carver, George Washington 192 Case, Stephen M. 193 Cash Crop 195 Caterpillar Inc. 195 Cattle Drives 197 Cattle Industry 199 Central Bank 200 Central Pacific Railroad 202 Chain Store 204 Chandler, Alfred Dupont 204 Chase, Salmon Portland 205 Chavez, Cesar Estrada 207 Chicago Fire Of 1871 208 Child Labor 210 Chinese Exclusion Act 212 Chisholm Trail 214 Choctaw 214 Chrysler Corporation 214 Chrysler, Walter Percy 216 Circular Flow Of Economic Activity 218 City Planning 218 Civil Rights Acts Of 1866, 1875 218 Civil Rights Movement 219 Civil Service Act 222 Civil War And Industrial Expansion, 1860–1897 223 Civil War, Economic Causes Of 225 Civil War, Economic Impact Of 228 Civilian Conservation Corps 230 Clay, Henry 230 Clayton Anti-trust Act 232 Clipper Ships 232 Closed Shop 233 Clovis Point 233 Coal Industry 233 Coca-cola Beverages 234 Cold War 236 Collateral 239 Collective Bargaining 239 Colonies, Corporate 239 Colonies, Distribution Of Wealth In 240 Colonies, Proprietary 241 Colorado 242 Colt’s Manufacturing Company 244 Columbian Exchange 246 Command Economy 246 Commodity 247 Comparative Advantage 247 Competition 248 Computer Industry 249 Comstock Lode 250 Confederate Dollar 250 Congress Of Industrial Organizations (cio) 251 Congress Of Racial Equality 251 Connecticut 252 Conservatism 254 Consolidation 256 Constitution, Economic Benefits Of The 256 Consumer Goods 258 Consumer Price Index 259 Consumption 259 The Contemporary World, 1974 To The Present 260 Continental Congress (second) 263 Continentals 263 Convention Of 1818 264 Cooke, Jay 264 Corn 266 Corporate Restructuring 266 Corporation 267 Cost Of Living Index 267 Cotton Gin 268 Coughlin, Charles Edward 268 Council Of National Defense 270 Covered Wagon 270 Cow Towns 271 Cowboy 271 Coxey, Jacob Sechler 272 Credit 273 Credit Union 274 Croly, Herbert 274 Cross Of Gold Speech 275 Cumberland Gap 276 Currency 276 Custom Duties 277 D 278 De-industrialization 278 Debs, Eugene Victor 278 Debt 279 Deere, John 280 Defense Spending 281 Deflation 282 Delaware 282 Dell, Michael 285 Deming, William Edwards 286 Department Store 287 Depreciation 288 Depression And World War Ii, 1929–1945 288 Devos, Richard 293 Dingley Tariff 294 Discount Rate 294 Discrimination 295 Disincentives 295 Disney, Walter Elias 296 Disposable Income 297 Dividends 298 Division Of Labor 298 Dix, Dorothea Lynde 298 Dollar Diplomacy 299 Dow, Charles Henry 301 Dow Jones Industrial Average (djia) 302 Dred Scott Case 302 Drew, Daniel 303 Drucker, Peter Ferdinand 304 Dry Farming 305 Duke, James Buchanan 306 Dupont Company 307 Du Pont, йleuthиre Irйnйe 309 Durable Goods 310 Durant, Thomas Clark 311 Durant, William Crapo 312 Dust Bowl 313 E 316 Early Republic To Civil War, 1815–1860 316 Eastern Woodlands Indians 319 Eastman, George 319 Eastman Kodak 321 Economic Development, Federal Involvement In 322 Economic Growth 324 Economic Opportunity Act 325 Economies Of Scale 325 Edison, Thomas Alva 326 Efficiency 327 Eighteenth Amendment 328 Eisner, Michael D(ammann) 329 Ellis Island 330 Emancipation Proclamation 331 Embargo 332 Embargo Act 333 Emergency Price Control Act 333 Encomienda 334 Entertainment Industry 334 Entrepreneurship 337 Environmentalism 337 Equal Opportunity Act 339 Equity 340 An Era Of Economic Instability, 1897–1920 341 Erie Canal, Building Of 343 European Loans 345 Evans, Oliver 346 Exchange Rate 347 Excise Tax 347 Exodusters 348 Expansionists 348 Exports 349 Externalities 349 Exxon Corporation 349 F 352 Fair Employment Practices 352 Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938 352 Fallen Timbers, Battle Of 353 Family And Medical Leave Act 354 Far Western Indians 355 Farm Credit Administration 355 Farmers’ Alliances 356 Farmers’ Protest Movements, 1870–1900 356 Federal Debt 359 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 359 Federal Railroad Administration 359 Federal Reserve Act Of 1913 360 Federal Reserve System 361 Federalism 362 Field, Marshall 363 Fifteenth Amendment 365 Financial Panic 365 Firestone, Harvey Samuel 366 Fiscal Policy 367 Fishing Industry (commercial) 367 Five Civilized Tribes 369 Fixed Income 369 Flat Tax Provision 369 Florida 371 Food Processing Industry 374 Food Stamps 376 Forbes, Malcolm Stevenson 376 Ford, Henry 378 Ford Motor Company 380 Fordney-mccumber Tariff 382 Foreign Investment In The United States 382 Foreign Investment Of U.s. Companies Abroad 384 Fourteenth Amendment 385 Fractional Reserve Banking 386 Franchise 387 Franklin, Benjamin 387 Free Enterprise 388 Free Silver 389 Free Trade 389 Freedmen’s Bureau 392 Frйmont, John Charles 393 French And Indian War (1754–1763) 395 Friedman, Milton 397 Fringe Benefit 398 Fugitive Slave Act Of 1850 398 Full Employment Act Of 1946 400 Fuller, Richard Buckminster, Jr. 400 Fulton, Robert 402 Furniture Industry 403 G 405 Gadsden Purchase 405 Galbraith, John Kenneth 405 Gallup, George Horace 407 Gates, William Henry Iii 408 General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (gatt) 410 General Electric Company 412 General Motors Corporation 414 Georgia 415 Gerber Products Company 418 Getty, J(ean) Paul 419 Ghetto 420 Gi Bill 421 Giannini, Amadeo Peter 422 Gillette Company 423 Gillette, King Camp 424 Glass-steagall Banking Act 425 Global Economy 425 Gold Resumption Act 426 Gold Rush Of 1849 426 Gold Standard 428 Gold Standard Act 430 Gompers, Samuel 430 Goodyear, Charles 432 Gorman, Leon Arthur 433 Gould, Jayson ‘‘jay’’ 434 Government Farm Policy 436 Government Land Policy 438 Grand Banks 440 Graying Of America 440 Great Depression 442 Great Depression, Causes Of 444 Great Migration (1630– 1640) 446 Great Migration, 1910– 1920 447 Great Railroad Strike Of 1877 448 Great Serpent Mound 450 The Great Society 450 Greenback Party 452 Greenbacks 453 Greenspan, Alan 453 Gross Domestic Product 454 Gross National Product 455 Gruen, Victor David 456 Guggenheim, Daniel 457 H 459 Halpin, James 459 Hamilton, Alexander 460 Hammer, Armand 462 Hancock, John 463 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo 464 Harley-davidson, Inc. 465 Harpers Ferry Armory 468 Harpers Ferry Raid 468 Harrington, Edward Michael 469 Hawaii 470 Hay, John Milton 473 Haymarket Bombing 474 Health Maintenance Organizations (hmos) 475 Hearst, William Randolph 477 H.j. Heinz Company 478 Helms-burton Act 480 Hepburn Act 480 Hershey Foods Corporation 481 Hill, James Jerome 482 Hilton, William Barron 484 Hires, Charles Elmer 485 Hoffa, James Riddle 486 Hollerith, Herman 487 Home Front 488 Homestead Act (1862) 489 Homestead Steel Strike 491 Homesteaders 492 Hooverville 492 Hopkins, Harry Lloyd 493 Horses 495 Howard Johnson International, Inc. 495 Howe, Samuel Gridley 497 Hughes, Howard Robard 498 Human Capital 500 I 502 Iacocca, Lido Anthony 502 Idaho 504 Illegal Drugs 506 Illinois 509 Immigration 512 Imperialism (possession Of Colonies) 514 Imports 516 Inca 517 Incentive 517 Income 518 Income Gap 518 Indentured Servants 519 Independence, Economic Impact Of 520 Indiana 522 Indigo 524 Industrial Policy 525 Industrial Revolution 525 Industrial Workers Of The World (iww) 527 Industrialization 528 Inflation 530 Information Superhighway 530 Infrastructure 531 Initial Public Offering (ipo) 531 Interest 531 International Business Machines Corporation (ibm) 532 International Monetary Fund (imf) 534 Internet 534 Internet And The Economy 535 Interstate Commerce Commission Act 536 Interstate Commerce: Regulation And Deregulation 537 Interstate Highway Act 539 Intolerable Acts (1774) 541 Investment 542 Iowa 542 Ironclads 545 Iroquois 546 Irrigation 546 Isolationism 547 J 550 Jackson, Andrew 550 Japan, Opening Of 552 Jay Treaty 553 Jefferson, Thomas 555 Jim Crow Laws 557 Jobs, Steven Paul 558 Johnson, Hugh Samuel 559 Joint Stock Company 561 Jones, Mary Harris 561 Jones, Samuel Milton 563 Junk Bonds 564 K 565 Kaiser, Henry John 565 Kansas 566 Kansas-nebraska Act (1854) 569 Keelboats 570 Kelley, Florence 570 Kellogg Company 572 Kellogg, Frank Billings 574 Kellogg, Will Keith 575 Kelsey-hayes 576 Kentucky 578 Kerosene 580 Keynes, John Maynard 580 Keynesian Economic Theory 582 Kimberly-clark Corporation 582 King Cotton 583 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 584 King, Richard 586 Klondike Gold Strike 587 Knights Of Labor 589 Knopf, Blanche 589 Korean War 590 Kresge, Sebastian Spering 592 Kroc, Raymond Albert 594 Kroger Company 595 Ku Klux Klan 597 Vol.2: L-Z 599 L 601 L’anse Aux Meadows 601 Labor Movement 601 Labor Unionism 605 Lafollette, Robert Marion 607 Laissez Faire 609 Land-grant Colleges 609 Land O’lakes, Inc. 609 Land Ordinance Of 1785 611 Lane, Gertrude Battles 612 Lange, Dorothea Margaretta 613 Lasker, Albert David 614 Lauder, Estee 615 Lease, Mary Elizabeth 616 Lee, Ivy Ledbetter 618 Lend Lease Act 619 Leontief, Wassily 619 Lever Food Control Act 620 Levitt, William Jaird 621 Lewis And Clark Expedition 622 Lewis, John Llewellyn 624 Lewis, Sinclair 626 Liberalism 627 Liberia 629 Liberty Bonds 629 Liberty Ships 630 Limited Partnership 630 Lobbying 630 Long, Huey Pierce 631 Longhorn Cattle 632 Louisiana 632 Louisiana Purchase 634 Lowell, Francis Cabot 636 Lowell System Of Labor 637 Lukens, Rebecca 638 Lumber Industry 639 M 642 Mail-order House 642 Maine 642 Manifest Destiny 645 Mann-elkins Act 646 Marcus, Stanley Harold 646 Market 648 Market Revolution 649 Marshall Plan 650 Maryland 652 Mass Production 655 Massachusetts 655 Maya 658 Maysville Road Bill 658 Maytag Corporation 659 Mccormick, Cyrus Hall 660 Mccormick Reaper 662 Mcgraw-hill Companies 663 Medicaid 665 Medicare 665 Medium Of Exchange 666 Mellon, Andrew 666 Mercantilism 667 Mercenaries 669 Merger 669 Merrill, Charles Edward 670 Mesa Verde 672 Mesoamerica 673 Mestizo 673 Mexican Bail-out 673 Mexican Cession (1848) 675 Michigan 676 Microsoft Corporation 679 Middle Passage 682 Migrant Workers 682 Military Industrial Complex 683 Minimum Wage Law 685 Minnesota 686 Mint Act 689 Mississippi 689 Mississippi River 692 Missouri 693 Missouri Compromise 695 Missouri River 696 Mitchell, John 696 Model T 697 Molasses Act Of 1733 698 Molly Maguires 699 Monetary Theory 699 Money 699 Money Supply 700 Monopolies 700 Monopoly 703 Monroe Doctrine 703 Monroe, James 705 Montana 706 Montgomery Ward And Co. 708 Morgan, John Pierpont 710 Morita, Akio 711 Morris, Robert 712 Morse, Samuel Finley Breese 713 Mortgage 716 Mound Builders 717 Movies 717 Muckrakers 718 Multi-national Enterprise 719 Multiplier 719 Munn V. Illinois (1877) 720 Mutual Fund 720 N 722 Nabisco Foods Group 722 Nader, Ralph 723 Napoleonic Wars, Impact On The U.s. Economy 724 Nat Turner’s Rebellion 726 Natchez Trace 727 National Association Of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (system) (nasdaq) 727 National Bank Act Of 1863 727 National Broadcasting Company Inc. (nbc) 728 National Debt 731 National Grange 732 National Industrial Recovery Act 733 National Labor Relations Board 734 National Recovery Administration 734 National Road, Building Of The 735 Nationalism 736 Native American Policy 736 Native Americans, Treatment Of (spain Vs. England) 738 Natural Monopoly 740 Naval Stores 740 Navigation Acts 741 Navigation Acts, Economic Burden On The American Colonies 741 Nebraska 743 Netscape Communications Corporation 745 Nevada 747 New Deal 749 New Deal: Reform Or Revolution 752 New France 754 New Hampshire 754 New Jersey 757 New Mexico 760 New Netherlands 762 New Orleans, Louisiana 762 New Spain, Viceroyalty Of 764 New Sweden 764 New York 765 New York Central Railroad 767 New York Stock Exchange 768 New York Yankees 768 Nielsen, Arthur Charles 770 Nineteenth Amendment 771 Nixon, Richard Milhous 772 Normalcy 773 Norris-laguardia Act Of 1932 773 North American Free Trade Agreement 775 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato) 776 North Carolina 777 North Dakota 780 Northern Securities Case 782 Northwest Ordinance 784 Northwest Passage 785 Northwestern Coast Indians 785 Nuclear Energy 786 O 789 Office Of Emergency Management 789 Office Of Price Administration 789 Ohio 789 Ohio Valley 792 Oil Depletion Allowance 793 Oklahoma 793 Old Northwest 796 Old Southwest 796 Oligopoly 797 Opec Oil Embargo 797 Open Door Policy 799 Open Range 800 Opportunity Cost 801 Oregon 801 Oregon Country Cessation 804 Oregon Trail 806 Otis Elevator Company, Inc. 807 Over-the-counter Securities Market 808 Overman Act 808 Ozone Layer 809 P 810 Packers And Stockyards Act 810 Paleo-indians 810 Panamal Canal, Building Of The 810 Panama Canal Treaty 813 Panic Of 1819 813 Panic Of 1837 814 Panic Of 1907 816 Panics Of The Late Nineteenth Century 817 Paper Industry 819 Partnership 820 Patent 820 Pay Equity 822 Penney, James Cash 822 Pennsylvania 823 Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 826 Pennsylvania Railroad 826 Penny Auctions 827 Pensions 827 Per Capita Income 828 Perkins, Frances 828 Perry, Matthew Calbraith 830 Personal Computers 831 Petroleum Industry 831 Pharmaceutical Industry 832 Philippines 834 Physical Capital 834 Pickens, Thomas Boone, Jr. 834 Pieces Of Eight 836 Pike’s Expedition 837 Pilgrims 838 Pinchot, Gifford 839 Pinckney Treaty 840 Pinkerton National Detective Agency 841 Pinkham, Lydia Estes 842 Piracy 843 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company 844 Plains Indians 845 Plantations 846 Plessy V. Ferguson 846 Polk, James Knox 848 Poll Tax 848 Pollock V. Farmers’ Loan And Trust Company 849 Pony Express 849 Popular Sovereignty 850 Populist Movement 850 Porkopolis 851 Post, William Charles 852 Postum Cereal Company 853 Postwar Boom 855 Postwar Prosperity, 1946– 1973 857 Potatoes 860 Poverty 861 Powderly, Terence Vincent 861 Prairie 863 Price 863 Price/earnings (p/e) Ratio 864 Prime Rate 864 Private Property Rights 864 Private Sector 865 Proclamation Of 1763 865 Procter And Gamble Company 866 Procter, William Cooper 868 Proctor, Barbara Gardner 870 Productivity 872 Profit 872 Progressive Tax 873 Prohibition 873 Proportional Tax 875 The Prosperity Decade, 1921–1928 876 Protectionism 878 Protectorate 879 Public Sector 879 Publishing Industry 879 Pueblo Indians 882 Puerto Rico 882 Pulitzer, Joseph 882 Pullman Palace Car Company 885 Pullman Strike Of 1894 886 Purdue, John 888 Pure Food And Drug Act 888 Puritans 890 Putting-out System 890 Pyramiding Reserves 891 Q 892 Quantity Theory Of Money 892 Quebec Act Of 1774 892 Quotas 893 R 894 Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act (rico) 894 Radical Unions 894 Radio 897 Radio Act 898 Rag Money 898 Railroad Gauges, Standardization Of 899 Railroad Industry 899 Railroad War Board 901 Railroads, Federal Land Grants To 901 Rand, Ayn 902 Randolph, Asa Philip 903 Rationing 905 Rca-victor Company 905 Reagan, Ronald Wilson 907 Reaganomics 908 Real Wages 910 Rebates 910 Recession 911 Reconstruction 911 Reconstruction Finance Corp. 913 Recycling Programs 913 Regressive Tax 914 Regulation 914 Reinforced Concrete 914 Report On Manufactures 915 Research And Development 915 Retail Industry 916 Revenue 917 Revere, Paul 918 Rhode Island 919 Rhode Island System Of Labor 921 Ricardo, David 922 Rice 923 Right To Work 923 Ripple Effect 924 Robber Barons 924 Rockefeller, John Davison 925 Roebling, John Augustus 926 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 927 Rosie The Riveter 929 Rubbermaid Incorporated 930 Rudkin, Margaret Fogarty 931 Rural Electrification Administration 933 Rust Belt 933 S 935 Saint Lawrence Seaway 935 Samuel Slater Builds The First Factory 936 Santa Clara County V. Southern Pacific Railroad 938 Santa Fe 938 Santa Fe Trail 939 Savings 939 Savings & Loan Associations 940 Savings And Loan Failures 940 Scalawags 943 Scarcity 943 Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 943 Scientific Management 945 Sears, Richard Warren 945 Sears, Roebuck And Co. 947 Seasonal Unemployment 950 Second New Deal 950 Sectionalism 950 Securities And Exchange Commission 951 Selective Service Act 952 Settlement And Economic Development: The Colonies To 1763 ( 953 ) 953 Sharecropping 956 Shays’ Rebellion 957 Sheep Herders 958 Sheppard-towner Act 959 Sherman Anti-trust Act 959 Sherman Silver Purchase Act 960 Sherman’s March Through Georgia 961 Shipbuilding Industry 962 Shortage 964 Sinclair, Upton Beall, Jr. 964 Singer, Isaac Merrit 965 Sit-down Strike 967 Sixteenth Amendment 967 Slater, Samuel 968 Slave Codes 969 Slavery 970 Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr. 973 Slums 975 Smith, Adam 976 Smoot-hawley Tariff Act 977 Social Gospel 977 Social Security Act 978 Socialism 979 Sod Houses 980 Sole Proprietorship 980 Sony Corporation 980 Soo Locks 982 South Carolina 983 South Dakota 985 Southwestern Indians 987 Sovereignty 988 Space Race 988 Spanish-american War 990 Special Interest Groups 992 Specie 992 Speculation 992 Spinning Mills 993 Spoils System 993 Springfield Armory 994 Stagflation 995 Stamp Act (1765) 995 Standard & Poor’s 997 Standard Of Living 997 Standard Oil Company 997 Standard Time 999 Stanford, Leland 999 States’ Rights 1001 Steamboat Act Of 1852 1002 Steamboats 1003 Steel Industry 1003 Steel Plow 1005 Stevens, John 1006 Stock 1007 Stock Market 1007 Stock Market Crash Of 1929 1009 Streetcars 1010 Strike 1011 Structural Unemployment 1012 Studebaker 1013 Subsidies 1015 Subsistence Agriculture 1015 Suburbs, Rise Of 1015 Sugar 1017 Sugar Act (1764) 1017 Sullivan, Louis Henry 1018 Sun Belt 1019 Supply And Demand 1019 Supply-side Economics 1020 Surplus 1020 T 1021 Taft, William Howard 1021 Taft-hartley Act 1022 Tallmadge Amendment 1023 Tarbell, Ida Minerva 1023 Tariff Of Abominations 1025 Tariffs 1026 Taylor, Frederick Winston 1027 Tecumseh, Death Of 1028 Telegraph 1030 Temperance Movement 1030 Tenant Farming 1032 Tenements 1032 Tennessee 1033 Tennessee Valley Authority 1035 Texas 1037 Texas Annexation 1040 Texas Company 1041 Textile Industry 1043 Thirteenth Amendment 1045 Thomas, Norman Mattoon 1045 Tidewater 1046 Times Mirror Co. 1046 Tire And Rubber Industry 1048 Tobacco 1049 Tobacco Industry 1050 Tobacco Trust 1052 Tordesillas, Treaty Of 1053 Townsend Clubs 1054 Townshend Acts 1054 Trade 1055 Trade Union 1056 Trademark 1056 Trail Of Tears 1056 Transatlantic Cable 1058 Transcontinental Railroad 1058 Transportation Act 1059 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1060 Triangular Trade 1061 Tribute 1062 Trippe, Juan Terry 1063 Trucking Industry (commercial) 1064 Truman, Harry S. 1065 Trump, Donald John 1066 Trust-busting 1069 Trusts 1071 Trusts, Business 1071 Tupper, Earl Silas 1071 Turnpikes 1073 Twenty-first Amendment 1074 Tyler Preemption Act Of 1841 1074 Tyson Foods 1075 U 1077 Underground Railroad 1077 Underwood Tariff Act 1079 Unemployment 1079 Union Pacific Railroad Company 1080 United Auto Workers 1082 United Farm Workers 1082 United Mine Workers (umw) 1083 United Nations 1084 United Parcel Service Of America 1084 United States Rubber Company 1086 United States Steel 1087 United States V. E.c. Knight Company 1089 Upjohn Company 1089 Urban Renewal 1090 Urbanization 1092 Utah 1093 Utilities Industry 1096 Utopia 1098 Utopian Communities, Communes 1098 V 1101 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 1101 Vaudeville 1102 Veblen, Thorstein Bonde 1103 Vermont 1104 Vietnam War 1107 Virginia 1109 W 1112 Wabash, St. Louis And Pacific Railway Company Vs. Illinois (1886) 1112 Wage-price Controls 1112 Wages 1113 Wal-mart Stores 1113 Walker, Francis Amasa 1114 Walker, Sarah Breedlove 1116 Wall Street 1116 Wall Street Journal 1117 Wallace, Henry 1118 Walton, Sam Moore 1119 Wampum 1121 War And Commercial Independence, 1790-1815 1121 War And The Economy 1125 War Industries Board (wib) 1128 War Labor Board 1129 War Labor Disputes Act 1129 War Of 1812 1130 War Production Board 1131 Warner, Jack Leonard 1131 Washington 1133 Washington, Booker Taliaferro 1136 Washington, George 1138 Watson, Thomas John 1139 Welfare Policy 1141 Welland Canal 1143 Wells, Fargo And Company 1144 West Virginia 1145 Western Union Corporation 1148 Westinghouse, George 1149 Westward Expansion 1150 Weyerhaeuser Company 1153 Whaling Industry 1154 Whiskey Rebellion 1156 Wild And Scenic River Act 1158 Wildcat Banks 1159 Wilderness Road 1159 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow 1159 Wisconsin 1161 Women In The Workplace 1164 Women’s Movement 1167 Women’s Trade Union League (wtul) 1169 Work Ethic 1169 Working Conditions In Factories 1170 Works Progress Administration 1172 World War I 1172 World War II 1174 Wozniak, Stephen Gary 1176 Wright, Frank Lloyd 1178 Wrigley, William, Jr. 1180 Wyoming 1182 Y 1185 Yellow Dog Contracts 1185 Z 1186 Zenith Electronics Corporation 1186 Designed To Answer Such Key Questions As: How Has The U.s. Constitution Shaped The Economy Of The United States? What Were The Consequences Of Prohibition On Consumers Behavior? This Title Presents 1,000 Entries, Era Overviews, Event/movement Profiles, Biographies, Business/industry Profiled, Geographic Profiles, And More. V. 1. A -- K -- V. 2. L -- Z. Thomas Carson, Editor. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.