Fungi in Bioremediation (British Mycological Society Symposia, Series Number 23)

Publisher Description (unedited Publisher Data) Counter Bioremediation Is An Expanding Area Of Environmental Biotechnology, And May Be Defined As The Application Of Biological Processes To The Treatment Of Pollution. Much Bioremediation Work Has Concentrated On Organic Pollutants, Although The Range Of Substances That Can Be Transformed Or Detoxified By Microorganisms Includes Both Natural And Synthetic Organic Materials And Inorganic Pollutants, Such As Toxic Metals. The Majority Of Applications Developed To Date Involve Bacteria And There Is A Distinct Lack Of Appreciation Of The Potential Roles And Involvement Of Fungi In Bioremediation, Despite Clear Evidence Of Their Metabolic And Morphological Versatility. This Book Highlights The Potential Of Filamentous Fungi, Including Mycorrhizas, In Bioremediation And Discusses The Physiology And Chemistry Of Pollutant Transformations. Degradation Of Plant Cell Wall Polymers / Christine S. Evans And John N. Hedger -- The Biochemistry Of Ligninolytic Fungi / Patricia J. Harvey And Christopher F. Thurston -- Bioremediation Potential Of White Rot Fungi / C. Adinarayana Reddy And Zacharia Mathew -- Fungal Remediation Of Soils Contaminated With Persistent Organic Pollutants / Ian Singleton -- Formulation Of Fungi For In Situ Bioremediation / Joan W. Bennett ... [et Al.] -- Fungal Biodegradation Of Chlorinated Monoaromatics And Btex Compounds / John A. Buswell -- Bioremediation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons By Ligninolytic And Non-ligninolytic Fungi / Carl E. Cerniglia And John B. Sutherland -- Pesticide Degradation / Sarah E. Maloney -- Degradation Of Energetic Compounds By Fungi / David A. Newcombe And Ronald L. Crawford -- Use Of Wood-rotting Fungi For The Decolorization Of Dyes And Industrial Effluents / Jeremy S. Knapp, Eli J. Vantoch-wood And Fuming Zhang --the Roles Of Fungi In Agricultural Waste Conversion / Roni Cohen And Yitzhak Hadar -- Cyanide Biodegradation By Fungi / Michelle Barclay And Christopher J. Knowles -- Metal Transformations / Geoffrey M. Gadd -- Heterotrophic Leaching / Helmut Brandl -- Fungal Metal Biosorption / John M. Tobin -- The Potential For Utilizing Mycorrhizal Associations In Soil Bioremediation / Andrew A. Meharg -- Mycorrhizas And Hydrocarbons / Marta Noemí Cabello. Edited By G.m. Gadd. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Dedication......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 List of contributors......Page 9 Preface......Page 13 Introduction......Page 17 Structure and function of plant cell walls......Page 19 The ecophysiology of lignin degradation......Page 23 Lignocellulose degradation by fungi used in bioconversion of lignocellulose wastes......Page 24 The ecology of Trametes versicolor and the dynamics of wood decay......Page 25 Mechanisms of degradation......Page 28 Cellulases......Page 29 Ligninases......Page 31 Peroxidases......Page 32 Laccases......Page 33 Conclusions......Page 35 References......Page 36 Introduction......Page 43 The parallels between lignin and PAHs as targets for degradation......Page 44 Laccase......Page 45 Influence of co-substrates......Page 47 Manganese peroxidase......Page 48 Catalytic cycle......Page 49 Influence of co-substrates......Page 50 Catalytic mechanism......Page 51 Redox mediation with VA+.......Page 52 Oxygen activation in LiP-catalysed reactions......Page 54 Enzyme systems......Page 55 Implications for bioremediation strategies: biofarming......Page 57 Control of expression of the laccase and peroxidase genes: how to keep the necessary genes turned on......Page 58 Conclusions......Page 59 References......Page 60 Introduction......Page 68 Lignin-degrading enzymes......Page 70 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons......Page 72 Dioxins......Page 74 Polychlorinated biphenyls......Page 75 Chlorophenols......Page 76 Nitroaromatics......Page 78 Dyes......Page 79 Decolorization of industrial effluents......Page 81 Pesticides......Page 82 BTEX compounds......Page 84 Trichloroethylene......Page 85 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 86 References......Page 87 Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soil......Page 95 Long-term contaminated soil (aged contaminated soil)......Page 96 Experimental difficulties......Page 97 Effects of the soil environment on fungal growth......Page 98 Soil inoculation and amendment techniques......Page 100 Innovative soil treatments for improving fungal remediation of contaminated soil......Page 101 Fungal transformation and complexation of pollutants in soil......Page 102 Potential risks associated with soil remediated by fungal inocula......Page 103 Toxicity of remediated soil: risk assessment......Page 104 Molecular techniques......Page 105 Pilot-scale and field studies......Page 106 Conclusions......Page 107 References......Page 108 Introduction......Page 113 Bacterial models......Page 114 Fungal models......Page 116 Wood rot fungi and soil......Page 118 Encapsulation of fungi for bioremediation......Page 120 Conclusions......Page 122 References......Page 124 Sources and distribution of chlorinated monoaromatic and BTEX contaminants in the environment......Page 129 Catabolism of monoaromatic compounds by fungi: general features......Page 130 Degradation studies......Page 132 Degradative pathways and associated enzymology......Page 135 Chlorophenoxyacetic acids......Page 139 Polymerization of monoaromatic environmental contaminants and binding to humic substances......Page 142 Methylation in the biodegradation of monoaromatic environmental contaminants......Page 143 Application of fungi to the bioremediation of chlorinated monoaromatics......Page 144 Conclusions......Page 145 References......Page 146 Introduction......Page 152 Importance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons......Page 153 Toxicity of PAHs......Page 155 Microbial degradation of PAHs......Page 159 Background on remediation technologies......Page 161 Factors affecting bioremediation......Page 162 Bioremediation by bacteria, fungi, and plants......Page 163 Organisms......Page 166 Pathways......Page 168 Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by ligninolytic fungi......Page 177 Phanerochaete chrysosporium......Page 181 Trametes versicolor......Page 183 Pleurotus ostreatus......Page 184 Other fungi......Page 186 Conclusions......Page 188 References......Page 189 Introduction......Page 204 Pentachlorophenol......Page 207 DDT......Page 210 Aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor......Page 212 Endosulfan......Page 213 Malathion......Page 214 Carbaryl and carbofuran......Page 215 Pyrethroids......Page 216 Chlorinated phenoxyacetates......Page 217 Acetanilides......Page 219 Phenylureas......Page 220 s-Triazines......Page 221 Fungicides......Page 222 Polychlorinated biphenyls......Page 223 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans......Page 225 Conclusions......Page 226 References......Page 227 Introduction......Page 240 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene......Page 241 Dinitrotoluene......Page 246 RDX and HMX......Page 248 NTO......Page 249 Nitroglycerin......Page 250 Nitrocellulose......Page 251 Current and future applied research......Page 252 References......Page 253 Introduction......Page 258 White rot fungi......Page 260 The mechanism of lignin biodegradation......Page 261 Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by white rot fungi......Page 263 General issues affecting decolorization by white rots......Page 264 Measurement of decolorization......Page 265 Adsorption......Page 268 Buffering and pH......Page 269 Nutrition......Page 271 Agitation and aeration......Page 275 Temperature......Page 276 Bioreactors......Page 277 Chemical industry effluents......Page 279 Cotton bleaching effluents......Page 280 Classification of dyes......Page 282 Relationships between structure and degradability......Page 283 Mechanisms for dye decolorization......Page 292 Molasses wastewaters......Page 293 Olive oil milling wastewater......Page 297 Paper making and pulping effluents......Page 298 Nutritional factors......Page 299 Mechanisms of decolorization......Page 304 Treatment processes......Page 306 Conclusions......Page 309 References......Page 310 Introduction......Page 321 Fungal growth on agricultural by-products during solid-state fermentation......Page 322 Amylase......Page 323 Cellulases......Page 326 Xylanases......Page 327 Lignin-degrading enzymes......Page 328 Laccase......Page 330 Lignin peroxidase......Page 331 Lignocellulosic wastes......Page 332 Forest, pulp and paper industry by-products......Page 334 Corn cobs......Page 335 Sugar cane bagasse......Page 336 Sugar beet pulp......Page 337 Apple and tomato pomace......Page 338 The role of fungi in composting......Page 339 Thermophilic phase......Page 340 Compost maturity......Page 341 Conclusions......Page 342 References......Page 343 Cyanide chemistry and toxicity......Page 351 Cyanogenesis......Page 353 Industrial sources of cyanide in the environment......Page 354 Metabolism of cyanide by fungi......Page 356 Cyanide-insensitive respiration......Page 361 Bacterial metabolism......Page 362 Molecular biology of cyanide degradation......Page 365 Applications of fungi for bioremediation of cyanide-containing wastes......Page 367 Conclusions......Page 368 References......Page 369 Introduction......Page 375 Mechanisms of metal solubilization......Page 376 Environmental significance of metal solubilization by fungi......Page 377 Significance of fungal–metal solubilization for bioremediation......Page 378 Immobilization......Page 379 Physico-chemical mechanisms of metal immobilization......Page 380 Transport and intracellular fate......Page 381 Intracellular metal-binding molecules......Page 382 Extracellular metal-binding molecules......Page 384 Oxalate production......Page 385 Reduction......Page 386 Methylation......Page 387 Conclusions......Page 388 References......Page 389 Introduction......Page 399 Historical background......Page 400 Fungal biodiversity......Page 401 Metal leaching from fly ash......Page 426 Metal leaching from electronic waste material......Page 428 Metal leaching from soil......Page 429 Conclusions......Page 430 References......Page 432 Introduction......Page 440 Fungal metal biosorption......Page 441 Biosorption levels and mechanisms......Page 442 Biosorption of metal anions......Page 445 Uptake of metal complexes and organic molecules......Page 446 Immobilization as a biofilm on inert matrices......Page 447 Continuous flow reactors......Page 448 Equilibrium models......Page 449 Batch systems......Page 451 Continuous flow reactors......Page 452 Conclusions......Page 454 References......Page 455 Rhizosphere degradation of organic pollutants......Page 461 Limitations of rhizosphere remediation......Page 462 Ectomycorrhizas......Page 463 Enzymic capabilities......Page 464 Resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi and their hosts to pollutants......Page 465 Ectomycorrhizosphere microbial consortia......Page 466 Field application of ectomycorrhizosphere technologies......Page 467 Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations......Page 468 Conclusions......Page 469 References......Page 470 Introduction......Page 472 Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)......Page 474 Mycorrhizal status of soil vegetation......Page 475 Isolation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from polluted sites......Page 476 Effectiveness of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from polluted soils......Page 478 Phytoremediation using arbuscular and vesicular–arbuscular fungi: a challenge......Page 480 References......Page 484 Index......Page 488 Bioremediation research has concentrated on organic pollutants, although the range of substances that can be transformed or detoxified by microorganisms includes both natural and synthetic organic materials and inorganic pollutants. The majority of applications developed to date involve bacteria, with a distinct lack of appreciation of the potential roles and involvement of fungi in bioremediation, despite clear evidence of their metabolic and morphological versatility. This book highlights the potential of filamentous fungi, including mycorrhizas, in bioremediation and discusses the physiology and chemistry of pollutant transformations. Bioremediation is an expanding area of environmental research and may be defined as the application of biological processes to the treatment of pollution. This book highlights the use of fungi for the treatment of environmental pollutants, including organic chemicals and toxic metals. The chemistry of pollutant transformations is also discussed.