Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Roles (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 432)

"This book provides an in-depth overview on the manifold functions of fungal extracellular vesicles (EV) which span from cell-to-cell communication, pathogenicity and stimulation of host's immunity to export of hundreds of biomolecules. The book summarizes the present knowledge on the impact of extracellular vesicles on fungal biology. Extracellular vesicles participate in fundamental biological processes in all living cells but only during the last 15 years the production and functions of EVs were identified and studied in fungal species too. Up to date more than 50 independent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles are produced by at least 20 fungal species. The book addresses researchers and advanced students in Microbiology, Mycology and Biotechnology."--Publisher's description Foreword 6 On the Discovery of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles and Its Resonance for Gram-Positive Bacteria 6 Personal Reminiscences on the Discovery 7 The Discovery in the Context of Antecedent Studies 10 Reception 12 Resonance in Gram-Positive Bacteria 14 Explanatory Power 16 Raison-d ́etre 16 Continuing Challenges 17 Perspective from Hindsight 19 Preface 24 About the Book 25 Contents 26 About the Editors 28 Biogenesis of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: What Do We Know? 29 1 Eukaryotic EVs 30 2 Fungal EVs: An Overview 31 3 Intracellular Biogenesis of Fungal EVs 31 4 EV Formation at the Plasma Membrane Level 33 5 Closing Remarks 35 References 35 Lessons Learned from Studying Histoplasma capsulatum Extracellular Vesicles 40 1 Histoplasma capsulatum 41 2 Discovery of EV in H. capsulatum 41 3 H. capsulatum EV Contents 41 4 H. capsulatum EV Cargo Loading and Release Is a Highly Dynamic Regulated Process 42 4.1 Monoclonal Antibody Binding to Fungal Surfaces Impacts the Characteristics and Payloads of EV 42 4.2 Growth Medium Significantly Regulates EV Loading and Secretion in H. capsulatum 44 5 Summary 44 References 45 Current Status on Extracellular Vesicles from the Dimorphic Pathogenic Species of Paracoccidioides 46 1 Paracoccidioides spp. and Paracoccidioidomycosis: General Aspects 46 2 Characterization of Paracoccidioides EVs 48 3 Paracoccidioides EV Proteome in Comparison with the Cell Wall 49 4 Carbohydrate Delivery by Paracoccidioides EVs 50 5 Lipidome of Paracoccidioides EVs in Comparison with the Cell Wall 52 6 Paracoccidioides EV Transcriptome 53 7 Paracoccidioides EVs: Cell Communication and Immunomodulation 55 8 Closing Remarks 56 References 56 Extracellular Vesicles from Sporothrix Yeast Cells 61 1 Sporotrichosis: A Zoonotic Health Issue in Brazil 61 2 Sporothrix EVs Isolation and Characterization 65 3 Conclusion 68 References 68 Filamentous Fungi Extracellular Vesicles 71 1 Introduction 72 2 Historical Aspects 72 3 Biogenesis and Release 73 4 EVs Morphology and Content 74 4.1 Aspergillus fumigatus 74 4.2 Alternaria infectoria 75 4.3 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum 75 4.4 Trichoderma reesei 75 4.5 Zymoseptoria tritici 76 5 Role of EVs in the Interaction of Filamentous Fungi with Their Hosts and with the Environment 76 6 Concluding Remarks 78 References 78 Extracellular Vesicles and the Propagation of Yeast Prions 82 1 Packaging of Sup35p Prion Particles within Extracellular (EV) and Periplasmic (PV) Vesicles 83 2 Limitations to Current Prion Propagation Models 84 3 What Can EV Tell Us About the Molecular Nature of Propagons? 85 4 A Yeast Propagation Model Where EV Shield Propagons from SPQC and Anti-Prion Systems 86 5 Concluding Remarks 87 References 88 Contributions of Extracellular Vesicles to Fungal Biofilm Pathogenesis 92 1 Introduction 93 2 EV Function in Bacterial Biofilms 93 3 Fungal Extracellular Vesicles 95 4 Role of C. albicans EVs in Matrix Biogenesis and Drug Resistance 97 5 Conclusions 99 References 100 Fungal Extracellular Vesicles in Interkingdom Communication 105 1 Outlook 109 References 110 Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogenic Fungi with Innate Leukocytes 113 1 Important Virulence Factors Are Secreted in EVs 114 2 Interactions of EVS with Innate Immunity 116 2.1 Aspergillus spp. 116 2.2 Candida spp. 118 2.3 Cryptococcus Pathogenic Species Complex 119 2.4 Histoplasma capsulatum 121 2.5 Malassezia spp. 122 2.6 Paracoccidioides spp. 123 2.7 Sporothrix 124 2.8 Trichophyton spp. and Other Dermathophytes 125 3 Recognition of EVS by the Host Immune System 125 4 Fungal Components Detected in Host Immune EVs 126 5 Conclusion 136 References 137 Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Strategy for Vaccine Development 145 1 Introduction: Fungal Infections: A Worldwide Neglected Problem 146 2 Immune Response to Fungal Infections: A Brief Introduction 147 3 Antifungal Vaccines 149 4 General Properties of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) 150 5 Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Platform for New Vaccine Formulations 151 6 Conclusions 156 References 157 Current Microscopy Strategies to Image Fungal Vesicles: From the Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion to the Inner Structur... 163 1 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 164 1.1 Structured Illumination Microscopy 164 1.2 Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy 166 1.3 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy 167 2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 168 2.1 Room Temperature Analysis of Thin Sections 168 2.2 Negative Staining 170 2.3 S/TEM Tomography 171 2.4 Freeze-Fracture 173 2.5 CEMOVIS and Cryotomography 175 3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 177 3.1 Room Temperature Analysis of Cell Surfaces 177 3.2 Room Temperature Analysis and Cryoscanning Electron Microscopy of Isolated Vesicles 178 References 179 Proteomic Characterization of EVs in Non-pathogenic Yeast Cells 184 1 Protein Content of Extracellular Vesicles 185 2 About the Biological Function of Proteins Present in Extracellular Vesicles 187 3 Factors Affecting the Protein Content Extracellular Vesicles 189 4 What if We Can ́t See the Wood for the Trees on EVs Proteomics? 190 References 191