Fungal Diseases in Animals: From Infections to Prevention (Fungal Biology)

The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last few decades. This book presents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals (including lower vertebrates) originating from environmental sources with or without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. This book includes case studies and reviews the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of fungal attraction, recognition, infection, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and pathogenesis of nematophagous fungi. The book also covers diagnostics, fungal formulations, as well as prevention methods. It discusses strategies to access the fungal pathogen groups, metagenomic analyses, genomics, secretomics, metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics. In addition, pathogen description, understanding, distribution and recent research results are provided. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors About the Editors Chapter 1: Fungal Diseases of Bovines 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fungal Diseases Transmission 1.3 Principal Bovine Fungal Diseases 1.3.1 Epizootic Lymphangitis 1.3.2 Ringworm (Dermatomycosis) 1.3.3 Aspergillosis 1.3.4 Mycotic Mastitis 1.3.5 Sporotrichosis 1.3.6 Paracoccidioidomycosis 1.3.7 Fungal Abortions 1.3.8 Cutaneous Pythiosis 1.3.9 Pithomycotoxicosis 1.3.10 Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) References Chapter 2: Mycotoxins and Their Consequences in Livestock 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of Mycotoxins 2.2.1 Aflatoxins 2.2.2 Ochratoxins 2.2.3 Zearalenone 2.2.4 Trichothecenes 2.3 Factors Affecting the Growth of Mycotoxins 2.3.1 Physical Factors 2.3.1.1 Moisture 2.3.1.2 Temperature 2.3.2 Chemical Factors 2.3.2.1 CO2 2.3.2.2 Oxygen 2.3.2.3 Mineral Nutrition 2.3.3 Biological Factors 2.3.3.1 Plant Stress 2.3.3.2 Transmission of Mycotoxins 2.3.3.3 Effect of Mycotoxins on Livestock 2.4 Mycotoxins in Pigs 2.4.1 Factors That Causes Mycotoxins to Enter a Normal Pig 2.4.2 Mycotoxin Effect on Pigs and Its Associated Signs and Symptoms 2.5 Mycotoxins in Poultry 2.5.1 Factors That Cause Mycotoxins to Enter in Healthy Poultry 2.5.2 The Effect of Major Mycotoxins on Poultry 2.5.2.1 Aflatoxins 2.5.2.2 Ochratoxins 2.5.2.3 Fumonisins 2.5.2.4 Trichothecenes 2.5.3 Diagnosis 2.5.4 Treatment 2.6 Mycotoxins in Cattle 2.6.1 The Effect of Major Mycotoxins in Cattle 2.6.2 Aflatoxins 2.6.3 Deoxynivalenol 2.6.4 T-2 Toxin 2.6.5 Fumonisin B1 2.6.6 Diagnosis and Treatment 2.7 Prevention and Control 2.7.1 Primary Prevention 2.7.2 Secondary Prevention 2.7.3 Tertiary Prevention 2.8 Legal Disposition 2.9 Conclusion References Web Link Reference Chapter 3: Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis: Infections and Their Prevention 3.1 Candidiasis 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Types of Candidiasis 3.1.2.1 Genital Candidiasis 3.1.2.2 Intrauterine Candidiasis 3.1.2.3 Anal Candidiasis 3.1.2.4 Nail Candidiasis 3.1.2.5 Oral Candidiasis 3.1.3 Predisposing Factors 3.1.4 Diagnosis 3.1.5 Signals and Symptoms 3.1.6 Prevention 3.1.6.1 Alternative Treatment 3.2 Dermatophytosis 3.2.1 Treatment 3.2.2 Communicability 3.2.3 Diagnostic Tests 3.3 Prevention 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Application of Systems Biology Approaches for Host-Fungal Interaction in Animals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Systems Biology of Infection 4.3 Data in Systems Biology and Analysis 4.3.1 Omics-Based Data 4.3.1.1 Genomics 4.3.1.2 Transcriptomics 4.3.1.3 Proteomics 4.3.2 Image-Based Data 4.4 Modeling 4.4.1 Network Modeling 4.4.1.1 Gene Regulatory Network 4.4.1.2 Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network 4.4.1.3 Signaling Network 4.4.1.4 Metabolic Network 4.5 Conclusion and Future Implications References Chapter 5: Ovine Fungal Diseases 5.1 Principal Ovine Fungal Diseases 5.1.1 Phaeohyphomycosis 5.1.2 Candidosis 5.1.3 Cryptococcosis 5.1.4 Malasseziosis 5.1.5 Rhodotorulosis 5.1.6 Conidiobolomycosis 5.2 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Histopathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections of Lab Animals 6.1 Common Fungal Infections in Lab Animals 6.2 Histopathology in Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases 6.2.1 Histopathologic Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis 6.2.2 Histopathologic Diagnosis of Systemic Mycoses 6.2.3 Role of Histochemical Stains in Fungal Diagnosis 6.3 Common Fungal Infections in Rats/Rabbits/Guinea Pigs and Their Diagnosis 6.4 Common Fungal Infections in Cattle and Their Diagnosis 6.5 Common Fungal Infections in Swine and Their Diagnosis 6.6 Common Fungal Infections in Birds and Their Diagnosis 6.7 Common Fungal Infections in Reptiles and Their Diagnosis 6.8 Common Fungal Infections in Amphibians and Their Diagnosis 6.9 Common Fungal Infections in Invertebrates and Their Diagnosis 6.10 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Current Perspective of Dermatophytosis in Animals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Etiological Agents and Taxonomy 7.2.1 Morphology 7.2.1.1 Membranous Form 7.2.1.2 Filamentous Form 7.2.1.3 Granular-Powdery Form 7.3 Epidemiology 7.4 Cultural Characteristics 7.5 Transmission 7.6 Pathogenesis 7.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 7.7.1 Wood’s Lamp 7.7.2 Direct Visualization Under the Microscope 7.7.3 Molecular Methods 7.8 Treatment 7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 8: Fungal Diseases and Therapy in Dogs 8.1 Aspergillosis 8.2 Canine Sinonasal Aspergillosis (SNA) 8.3 Disseminated Canine Aspergillosis (DCA) 8.4 Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis 8.5 Dermatophytosis 8.6 Blastomycosis 8.7 Histoplasmosis 8.8 Rhinosporidiosis 8.9 Sporotrichosis 8.10 Geotrichosis 8.11 Phaeohyphomycosis 8.12 Treatment Methods 8.12.1 Aspergillosis 8.12.2 Dermatophytosis 8.12.3 Blastomycosis 8.12.4 Histoplasmosis 8.12.5 Rhinosporidiosis 8.12.6 Sporotrichosis 8.12.7 Geotrichosis 8.12.8 Phaeohyphomycosis 8.13 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Improving Animal Immunity to Prevent Fungal Infections with Folk Remedies and Advanced Medicine 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nature Preserves Genes 9.3 Why Fungi Are Different 9.3.1 Fungal Cell Wall 9.3.2 Fungal Toxins and Allergic Responses 9.4 Fungal Therapy 9.5 Fungal Entry to Host 9.5.1 Fungi Infiltration to the Epithelial Surfaces 9.5.2 Fungal Attachment 9.6 The Efficacy of the Immune System 9.6.1 Folk Practices 9.6.1.1 Reactivating Animal Health 9.6.2 Infection, Susceptibility, or Both 9.6.2.1 Turning the Opportunistic Pathogens into Lazy Microbes 9.6.2.2 Put Sugar Between Your Toes 9.6.2.3 The Fungal Smart Invasion 9.6.3 Interactions Between Fungal Pathogens and the Immune System 9.6.4 Infection or Susceptibility, which one is more climed? 9.6.5 Immunity Building 9.7 Folk Remedies for Animal Immunizations 9.7.1 Save the Young Turkeys 9.7.2 The immunized Hen 9.8 Innate Immunity 9.8.1 A. Sites Contributing to the Innate Immune System 9.8.1.1 Skin 9.8.1.2 Respiratory Tract 9.8.1.3 Genital-Urinary Tract 9.8.2 Cell Barriers 9.8.2.1 Epithelial Cells 9.8.2.2 Immune Cells 9.8.2.3 Neutrophils 9.8.2.4 Monocytes/Macrophages 9.8.2.5 DCs 9.8.2.6 NK Cells 9.9 Adaptive Immunity and Fungicidal Mechanisms of White Blood Cells 9.9.1 Sites Contributing to the Adaptive Immune System 9.9.1.1 Skin 9.9.1.2 Lung 9.9.1.3 Intestine 9.9.2 Cell-Mediated Host Response to Fungal Aggression 9.9.2.1 Characterization and Function of DC and Monocyte Subsets 9.9.2.2 Plasmacytoid DCs 9.9.2.3 Conventional DCs 9.9.2.4 Migratory DCs 9.9.2.5 Monocytes, Monocyte-Derived DCs, and Inflammatory DCs 9.10 Recognition, Signaling, and Other Forms of Interactions 9.10.1 PRRs 9.10.2 Regulatory T Cells 9.10.3 Dectin-1 9.10.4 Dectin-2 9.10.5 Mincle 9.10.6 Mannose Receptor (CD206) 9.10.7 Complement Receptor 3 9.10.8 DC-SIGN 9.10.9 IL-17 Defenses 9.10.10 Th17 Immunity 9.10.11 Th1 Immunity 9.10.12 Th2 Immunity 9.10.13 Inflammasomes 9.10.14 T- and B-Cell Immunity 9.10.15 CD8+ T Cells 9.10.16 Humoral Immunity 9.11 Fungal Ghosts 9.12 Plants Involved in Folk Fungal Treatments 9.13 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Antifungal Resistance in Animal Medicine: Current State and Future Challenges 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Antifungal Therapy in Animal Medicine 10.3 Antifungal Resistance: General Concepts and Study Methods 10.4 Antifungal Resistance in the Veterinary Setting 10.5 Future Challenges 10.5.1 Species-Level Identification of Animal Pathogenic Fungi 10.5.2 Establishment of Meaningful Breakpoints for Antifungal Resistance of Veterinary Isolates 10.5.3 Reduction of the Environmental Impact of Antifungal Use 10.6 Conclusion References Index Preface -- Chapter 1. Fungal Diseases of Bovines -- Chapter 2. Mycotoxins and their Consequences in Livestock -- Chapter 3. Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis: Infections and Their Prevention -- Chapter 4. Application of System biology approaches for host-fungal interaction in animals -- Chapter 5. Ovine Fungal Diseases -- Chapter 6. Histopathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections of lab animals -- Chapter 7. Current perspective of dermatophytosis in animals -- Chapter 8. Fungal Diseases and Therapy in Dogs -- Chapter 9. Improving the animal immunity to prevent fungal infections from folk to advanced science -- Chapter 10. Antifungal resistance in animal medicine: current state and future challenges -- Index