اصول طراحی آرایش آیرودینامیکی مزرعه‌های بادی

Fundamentals of Wind Farm Aerodynamic Layout Design, Volume Four provides readers with effective wind farm design and layout guidance through algorithm optimization, going beyond other references and general approaches in literature. Focusing on interactions of wake models, designers can combine numerical schemes presented in this book which also considers wake models’ effects and problems on layout optimization in order to simulate and enhance wind farm designs. Covering the aerodynamic modeling and simulation of wind farms, the book's authors include experimental tests supporting modeling simulations and tutorials on the simulation of wind turbines. In addition, the book includes a CFD technique designed to be more computationally efficient than currently available techniques, making this book ideal for industrial engineers in the wind industry who need to produce an accurate simulation within limited timeframes. Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Preface Chapter 1: Wind energy Abstract 1.1. History of wind turbines 1.2. Pros and cons of wind energy 1.3. Trend of wind energy in the world 1.4. Wind turbine types 1.5. Wind turbine components 1.6. Summary 1.7. Problems References Chapter 2: Wind properties and power generation Abstract 2.1. Atmospheric properties 2.2. Statistical study of wind 2.3. Wind power 2.4. Efficiency of wind turbine components 2.5. Yearly gained energy of a wind turbine 2.6. The capacity factor of a wind turbine 2.7. Summary 2.8. Problems References Chapter 3: Basics of aerodynamics Abstract 3.1. Airfoils 3.2. Aerodynamic forces on an airfoil 3.3. Aerodynamic forces on a blade 3.4. Generated vortex behind a wind turbine 3.5. Blade element method 3.6. Blades with different airfoils 3.7. Simulation of wind turbines 3.8. Summary 3.9. Problems References Chapter 4: Wind turbine wake and its role in farm design Abstract 4.1. Wake generation of a wind turbine 4.2. Conventional wake models 4.3. Gained energy of a farm 4.4. Optimization 4.5. Summary 4.6. Problems References Chapter 5: Analytical model based on similarity solution Abstract 5.1. Turbulent free-shear wake 5.2. Self-similarity method 5.3. Similarity solution for a single wind turbine 5.4. Wake interaction 5.5. Simulation of a wind farm 5.6. Simulation of wind farms 5.7. The gained energy of a wind farm 5.8. Summary 5.9. Problems References Chapter 6: Numerical simulation of a wind turbine Abstract 6.1. Basic fluid dynamics concepts 6.2. Different types of modeling 6.3. Development of actuator disc method using OpenFOAM 6.4. Modified actuator disc 6.5. Simulation example 6.6. Summary 6.7. Problems References Chapter 7: Numerical simulation of a wind farm Abstract 7.1. Wind farm layout generation 7.2. Simulation example: Horns Rev offshore wind farm 7.3. Summary 7.4. Problems References Chapter 8: Optimization for wind farm layout design Abstract 8.1. Optimization algorithms 8.2. Cost function and constraints 8.3. Coupling of optimization methods and wake models 8.4. Some worked examples 8.5. Applying additional constraints 8.6. Summary 8.7. Problems References Appendix A: Ancient Persian wind turbines References Appendix B: Wind turbine airfoils B.1. NACA families B.2. FFA family B.3. Risø family B.4. DU family B.5. FX family B.6. NREL family B.7. Summary References Appendix C: Some wind turbine specifications C.1. Enercon E-16 C.2. Enercon E-18 C.3. Nordtank NTK 150 C.4. Nordtank NTK 200 C.5. Vestas V27 C.6. Vestas V29 C.7. Micon M 530 C.8. Enercon E-30 C.9. Nordtank NTK 400 C.10. Vestas V39 C.11. Nordtank NTK 500/41 C.12. Vestas V44 C.13. Enercon E-40/6.44 C.14. Wincon W755/48 C.15. Vergnet GEV HP 1000/62 C.16. Siemens SWT-1.3-62 C.17. Vestas V80 2 MW C.18. Vestas V90 2 MW C.19. Eno Energy Eno 100 C.20. Siemens SWT-2.3-93 Offshore C.21. Mapna MWT2.5-103-I C.22. Siemens SWT-4.0-130 C.23. Siemens SWT-6.0-154 C.24. Aerodyn-8.0MW C.25. AMSC wt10000dd SeaTitan C.26. Summary References Appendix D: Sample wind farms D.1. A 4-in-a-row wind farm D.2. A 4×4 wind farm D.3. Horns Rev wind farm D.4. Aghkand wind farm in Iran References Appendix E: Optimization methods E.1. Crow search algorithm E.2. Whale optimization algorithm E.3. Teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm E.4. Particle swarm optimization algorithm E.5. Genetic algorithm E.6. Summary References Appendix F: Implementing optimization methods in C++ F.1. Genetic algorithm (GA) F.2. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) Appendix G: Implementing blade element momentum method in C Index