Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft Revised Edition (2023) [Team-IRA]

Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and a Brief History of Electric Aircraft 1.1 Background 1.2 Electrification Trend 1.3 Early Electric Flights 1.4 The Solar Years 1.5 All-Electric and Hybrid-Electric 1.6 Way Forward 1.7 Book Structure References Chapter 2: The Electric Aircraft Paradigm 2.1 Scope and Stakes 2.2 Route to Electric Aircraft 2.3 Electrical Chain Breakdown 2.4 Technology Stakes 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Electrification of Aircraft Systems—Part I 3.1 Conventional Aircraft and Engine Systems 3.2 More Electric Engine (MEE) Systems 3.3 More Electric Aircraft (MEA) ­Systems 3.3.1 Electrical Power Generation and Distribution References Chapter 4: Electrification of Aircraft Systems—Part II 4.1 Pneumatic Power Generation 4.2 Environmental Control System 4.2.1 Conventional ECS 4.2.2 Electric ECS 4.3 Wing Ice Protection System 4.4 Enabling Technologies 4.4.1 Motors 4.4.2 Power Electronics 4.5 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Electrification of Aircraft Systems—Part III 5.1 Actuation Needs for Power ­Transmission and Control 5.2 General Considerations for PbW ­Actuation 5.2.1 From Power by Pipe Towards Hydraulic-Less PbW 5.2.2 PbW Actuator Interface to Electric Power Networks 5.2.3 Power Control in PbW Actuators 5.2.4 Reliability 5.2.5 Integration and Mutualization in PbW Actuation 5.3 Local Generation of Hydraulic Power for Actuation 5.4 Electrohydrostatic Actuators 5.4.1 Functional and Architectural View 5.4.2 In-Service EHAs 5.4.3 Main Issues for Extensive Use of EHAs 5.5 Electromechanical Actuators 5.5.1 Functional and Architectural Aspects 5.5.2 In-Service EMAs 5.5.3 Imperfections of Technological Realization 5.5.4 Maturation of EMAs 5.6 Challenges with Generalization of PbW Actuation 5.6.1 Important Considerations for Use of PbW Actuation 5.6.2 Evolution Towards All-PbW Actuation References SAE- and ISO-Related Documents Acronyms Chapter 6: Propulsion Options for the Electric Aircraft 6.1 Conventional Engines 6.1.1 Gas Turbine 6.1.2 Turboprop Engine 6.1.3 Turbofan Engine 6.1.4 Efficiency 6.1.5 Noise 6.2 Bleedless Engines for the More ­Electric Aircraft 6.3 Propulsion Systems for the Electric Aircraft 6.3.1 Enabling Architectures 6.3.1.1 Electric Propulsion 6.3.1.2 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion 6.3.1.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) 6.3.2 Enabling Technologies 6.3.2.1 Motors 6.3.2.2 Motor Controls 6.3.2.3 Motor and Motor Control Demonstrators 6.3.2.4 Materials 6.3.2.5 Superconducting Electrical Systems 6.3.2.6 Fuel Cells 6.3.2.7 Batteries 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Aircraft Applications—Part I 7.1 Battery Electric Propulsion—Small General Aviation 7.2 Urban Air Transportation 7.3 Fuel Cell Electric Propulsion—­Commuter Aircraft 7.4 Battery Electric Propulsion—­Regional Aircraft 7.5 Battery Electric Propulsion—­ Short-Range Aircraft 7.6 Electric Taxiing—Short-Range ­Aircraft 7.6.1 Operation 7.6.2 System Configurations and Performance 7.6.3 Nose Landing Gear Actuation 7.6.4 Main Landing Gear Actuation 7.6.5 Business Models 7.7 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Aircraft Applications—Part II 8.1 Fuel Cell Parallel HEP: Commuter Aircraft 8.2 Battery Series HEP: Commuter ­Aircraft 8.3 Battery Parallel HEP: Short-Range Aircraft 8.4 Battery Series HEP: Short-Range Aircraft 8.5 Battery Distributed HEP: Commuter Aircraft 8.6 Battery Distributed HEP: Regional Aircraft 8.7 Distributed HEP: Short-Range ­Aircraft 8.7.1 No-Battery Partial Turboelectric DHEP 8.7.2 Fuel Cell Partial Turboelectric DHEP 8.7.3 No-Battery Total Turboelectric DHEP 8.7.4 Battery Total Turboelectric DHEP 8.8 SMES Total Turboelectric DHEP: Long-Range Aircraft 8.9 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Maintainability and Operational Overview 9.1 Ground Operations 9.1.1 Maintenance—State of the Art 9.1.1.1 Maintenance Planning 9.1.1.1.1 A Check. 9.1.1.1.2 B Check. 9.1.1.1.3 C Check. 9.1.1.1.4 3C Check. 9.1.1.1.5 D Check. 9.1.1.2 Maintenance Prediction—Condition Monitoring 9.1.1.2.1 Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) and Predictive Maintenance (PdM). 9.1.2 Changes for More Electric Aircraft 9.1.3 Changes for an Electric Aircraft 9.1.4 Airport Operations 9.1.4.1 Infrastructure 9.1.4.2 Aircraft Handling 9.1.4.3 Refueling/Recharging 9.1.4.4 Pushback/Taxiing 9.2 In-Flight Operations 9.2.1 Flight Deck Operations 9.2.1.1 Complex Configurations/Licenses 9.2.2 Single Pilot Operations 9.2.3 Autonomous Flight 9.2.4 Pilots as Drone Operators 9.2.5 Cabin Operations References Chapter 10: Performance and Business Value of Electric Aircraft 10.1 Airline Cost Structure 10.2 Aircraft Fuel Costs 10.3 Airline Fuel Efficiency 10.4 Business Aviation 10.5 Short-Range Aircraft 10.6 Long-Range Aircraft 10.7 Regional Aircraft 10.8 General Aviation 10.9 Cost of Ownership 10.10 Environmental Footprint References Conclusion Index About the Authors Back Cover Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft, Second Edition was developed to explain what the electric aircraft stands for by offering an objective view of what can be expected from the giant strides in innovative architectures and technologies enabling aircraft electrification. This edition features new illustrations and photographs throughout. Through tangible case studies, a deep insight is provided into this paradigm shift cutting across various aircraft segments – from General Aviation to Large Aircraft. Addressing design constraints and timelines foreseen to reach acceptable performance and maturity levels, Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft, Second Edition puts forward a general view of the progress made to date and what to expect in the years to come. Drawing from the expertise of four industry veterans, Pascal Thalin (editor/contributor), Ravi Rajamani, Jean-Charles Maré, and Sven Taubert (contributors), it addresses futuristic approaches but does not depart too far from the operational down-to-earth realities of everyday business. Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft, Second Edition also offers analyses on how performance enhancements and fuel burn savings may bring more value for money as long as new electric technologies deliver on their promises