Fundamentals of Biostatistics (Rosner, Fundamentals of Biostatics)

Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 15 CHAPTER 1 General Overview......Page 21 Reference......Page 24 2.1 Introduction......Page 25 2.2 Measures of Location......Page 26 The Arithmetic Mean......Page 27 The Median......Page 29 Comparison of the Arithmetic Mean and the Median......Page 30 The Mode......Page 31 The Geometric Mean......Page 32 2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic Mean......Page 33 The Range......Page 35 Quantiles......Page 36 The Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 37 2.5 Some Properties of the Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 38 2.6 The Coefficient of Variation......Page 40 2.7 Grouped Data......Page 42 2.8 Graphic Methods......Page 44 Stem-and-Leaf Plots......Page 45 Box Plots......Page 46 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children......Page 49 2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women......Page 50 2.12 Summary......Page 51 Hypertension......Page 54 Nutrition......Page 55 Microbiology......Page 56 Endocrinology......Page 57 Infectious Disease......Page 53 3.1 Introduction......Page 58 3.2 Definition of Probability......Page 59 3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic Notation......Page 60 3.4 The Multiplication Law of Probability......Page 62 3.5 The Addition Law of Probability......Page 64 3.6 Conditional Probability......Page 66 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening Tests......Page 71 Bayes’ Rule......Page 73 3.8 Bayesian Inference......Page 76 3.9 ROC Curves......Page 77 3.10 Prevalence and Incidence......Page 79 PROBLEMS......Page 80 Genetics......Page 81 Pulmonary Disease......Page 82 Pulmonary Disease......Page 83 Otolaryngology......Page 84 Mental Health......Page 85 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 86 Genetics......Page 87 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 88 Obstetrics, Health Promotion......Page 89 4.1 Introduction......Page 91 4.2 Random Variables......Page 92 Relationship of Probability Distributions to Frequency Distributions......Page 93 4.4 The Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 95 4.5 The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 96 4.6 The Cumulative-Distribution Function of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 98 4.7 Permutations and Combinations......Page 99 4.8 The Binomial Distribution......Page 103 Using Binomial Tables......Page 104 Using “Electronic” Tables......Page 107 4.9 Expected Value and Variance of the Binomial Distribution......Page 108 4.10 The Poisson Distribution......Page 110 Using Poisson Tables......Page 113 Electronic Tables for the Poisson Distribution......Page 114 4.12 Expected Value and Variance of the Poisson Distribution......Page 115 4.13 Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution......Page 116 PROBLEMS......Page 119 Otolaryngology......Page 120 Pediatrics, Otolaryngology......Page 121 Health Promotion......Page 122 Ophthalmology, Diabetes......Page 123 Endocrinology......Page 124 Genetics, Ophthalmology......Page 125 Obstetrics......Page 126 5.2 General Concepts......Page 128 5.3 The Normal Distribution......Page 131 5.4 Properties of the Standard Normal Distribution......Page 134 Using Normal Tables......Page 135 Using Electronic Tables for the Normal Distribution......Page 138 5.5 Conversion from an N(μ, σ2) Distribution to an N(0,1) Distribution......Page 140 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random Variables......Page 144 Dependent Random Variables......Page 146 5.7 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution......Page 149 5.8 Normal Approximation to the Poisson Distribution......Page 155 5.9 Summary......Page 157 Hypertension......Page 158 Cancer......Page 159 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 160 Hypertension......Page 161 Endocrinology......Page 162 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 163 Ophthalmology......Page 164 Ophthalmology......Page 165 Obstetrics......Page 166 Ophthalmology, Genetics......Page 167 Hypertension......Page 168 6.1 Introduction......Page 169 6.2 The Relationship Between Population and Sample......Page 170 6.3 Random-Number Tables......Page 172 6.4 Randomized Clinical Trials......Page 176 Design Features of Randomized Clinical Trials......Page 178 Point Estimation......Page 180 Standard Error of the Mean......Page 182 Central-Limit Theorem......Page 186 Interval Estimation......Page 188 6.6 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density (BMD) in Middle-Aged Women......Page 195 Point Estimation......Page 196 The Chi-Square Distribution......Page 197 Interval Estimation......Page 199 Point Estimation......Page 201 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation......Page 202 Interval Estimation—Normal-Theory Methods......Page 204 Interval Estimation—Exact Methods......Page 206 Point Estimation......Page 209 Interval Estimation......Page 210 6.10 One-Sided CIs......Page 213 6.11 Summary......Page 215 Renal Disease......Page 216 Pharmacology......Page 217 Obstetrics......Page 218 Infectious Disease......Page 219 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 220 Sports Medicine......Page 221 Genetics......Page 222 7.2 General Concepts......Page 224 7.3 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: One-Sided Alternatives......Page 227 7.4 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Two-Sided Alternatives......Page 235 One-Sample z Test......Page 240 One-Sided Alternatives......Page 241 Two-Sided Alternatives......Page 246 One-Sided Alternatives......Page 248 Sample-Size Determination (Two-Sided Alternatives)......Page 252 Sample-Size Estimation Based on CI Width......Page 253 7.7 The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals......Page 255 7.8 Bayesian Inference......Page 257 7.9 One-Sample χ2 Test for the Variance of a Normal Distribution......Page 261 Normal-Theory Methods......Page 264 Power and Sample-Size Estimation......Page 269 7.11 One-Sample Inference for the Poisson Distribution......Page 271 7.12 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women......Page 276 7.13 Summary......Page 277 Genetics......Page 279 Nutrition......Page 280 Cancer......Page 281 Cancer......Page 282 Endocrinology......Page 283 Environmental Health, Pulmonary Disease......Page 284 Ophthalmology......Page 285 Hypertension, Pediatrics......Page 286 Cancer......Page 287 8.1 Introduction......Page 289 8.2 The Paired t Test......Page 291 8.3 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Paired Samples......Page 295 8.4 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Equal Variances......Page 296 8.5 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Independent Samples (Equal Variance Case)......Page 300 8.6 Testing for the Equality of Two Variances......Page 301 The F Distribution......Page 302 The F Test......Page 304 8.7 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Unequal Variances......Page 307 8.8 Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurologic and Psychological Function in Children......Page 313 8.9 The Treatment of Outliers......Page 315 Estimation of Sample Size......Page 321 Estimation of Power......Page 323 8.11 Sample-Size Estimation for Longitudinal Studies......Page 324 8.12 Summary......Page 327 Cardiovascular Disease, Pediatrics......Page 329 Ophthalmology......Page 330 Infectious Disease......Page 331 Nutrition......Page 332 Pulmonary Disease......Page 333 Hepatic Disease......Page 334 Hypertension, Pediatrics......Page 335 Hypertension......Page 336 Ophthalmology......Page 337 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 338 Hypertension......Page 339 Health Promotion......Page 340 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 341 Pediatrics......Page 342 Health Promotion......Page 343 Ophthalmology......Page 344 Nutrition......Page 345 9.1 Introduction......Page 347 Normal-Theory Method......Page 349 Exact Method......Page 352 9.3 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test......Page 353 9.4 The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test......Page 359 9.6 Summary......Page 364 Otolaryngology, Pediatrics......Page 366 Hypertension......Page 367 Nutrition......Page 368 Cancer......Page 369 Endocrinology......Page 370 10.1 Introduction......Page 372 Normal-Theory Method......Page 373 Contingency-Table Method......Page 377 Significance Testing Using the Contingency-Table Approach......Page 379 Short Computational Form for the Yates-Corrected Chi-Square Test for 2 × 2 Contingency Tables......Page 384 10.3 Fisher’s Exact Test......Page 387 The Hypergeometric Distribution......Page 389 10.4 Two-Sample Test for Binomial Proportions for Matched-Pair Data (McNemar’s Test)......Page 393 Normal-Theory Test......Page 395 Exact Test......Page 397 Independent Samples......Page 401 Paired Samples......Page 403 Sample Size and Power in a Clinical Trial Setting......Page 406 Tests for Association for R × C Contingency Tables......Page 410 Chi-Square Test for Trend in Binomial Proportions......Page 414 Relationship Between the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test and the Chi-Square Test for Trend......Page 417 10.7 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test......Page 421 10.8 The Kappa Statistic......Page 424 10.9 Summary......Page 428 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 429 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 430 Sexually Transmitted Disease......Page 431 Mental Health......Page 432 Pediatrics, Endocrinology......Page 433 Sports Medicine......Page 435 Ophthalmology......Page 436 Zoology......Page 437 Pediatrics, Urology......Page 438 Infectious Disease......Page 439 Health Promotion......Page 440 Mental Health......Page 441 Obstetrics......Page 442 Cardiology......Page 443 Ophthalmology......Page 444 11.1 Introduction......Page 447 11.2 General Concepts......Page 448 11.3 Fitting Regression Lines—The Method of Least Squares......Page 451 11.4 Inferences About Parameters from Regression Lines......Page 455 F Test for Simple Linear Regression......Page 457 t Test for Simple Linear Regression......Page 461 Interval Estimates for Regression Parameters......Page 463 Interval Estimation for Predictions Made from Regression Lines......Page 465 11.6 Assessing the Goodness of Fit of Regression Lines......Page 468 11.7 The Correlation Coefficient......Page 472 Relationship Between the Sample Regression Coefficient (b) and the Sample Correlation Coefficient (r)......Page 473 One-Sample t Test for a Correlation Coefficient......Page 475 One-Sample z Test for a Correlation Coefficient......Page 477 Interval Estimation for Correlation Coefficients......Page 480 Sample-Size Estimation for Correlation Coefficients......Page 482 Two-Sample Test for Correlations......Page 483 Comparison of Dependent Correlation Coefficients......Page 485 Estimation of the Regression Equation......Page 488 Hypothesis Testing......Page 492 Criteria for Goodness of Fit......Page 496 11.10 Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurologic and Psychological Function in Children......Page 504 Partial Correlation......Page 511 Multiple Correlation......Page 513 11.12 Rank Correlation......Page 514 11.13 Interval Estimation for Rank-Correlation Coefficients......Page 519 Hematology......Page 524 Cancer......Page 525 Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Disease......Page 526 Pediatrics, Endocrinology......Page 527 Nutrition......Page 528 Ophthalmology......Page 529 Cancer, Endocrinology......Page 530 Ophthalmology......Page 531 Pulmonary Disease......Page 532 Nutrition......Page 534 12.2 One-Way ANOVA—Fixed-Effects Model......Page 536 F Test for Overall Comparison of Group Means......Page 538 t Test for Comparison of Pairs of Groups......Page 542 Linear Contrasts......Page 548 Multiple Comparisons—Bonferroni Approach......Page 551 Multiple-Comparisons Procedures for Linear Contrasts......Page 554 The False-Discovery Rate......Page 556 Application of One-Way ANOVA......Page 558 Relationship Between One-Way ANOVA and Multiple Regression......Page 561 One-Way Analysis of Covariance......Page 565 12.6 Two-Way ANOVA......Page 568 Two-Way ANCOVA......Page 573 12.7 The Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 575 Comparison of Specific Groups Under the Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 579 12.8 One-Way ANOVA—The Random-Effects Model......Page 582 12.9 The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient......Page 588 12.10 Mixed Models......Page 592 12.11 Summary......Page 596 Pulmonary Disease......Page 597 Mental Health......Page 598 Bioavailability......Page 599 Endocrinology......Page 600 Environmental Health, Pediatrics......Page 601 Hypertension......Page 602 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 603 Ophthalmology......Page 604 Nutrition, Endocrinology......Page 605 Ophthalmology, Infectious Disease......Page 606 13.2 Study Design......Page 608 13.3 Measures of Effect for Categorical Data......Page 611 The Risk Difference......Page 612 The Risk Ratio......Page 613 The Odds Ratio......Page 615 Interval Estimation for the Odds Ratio......Page 619 13.4 Attributable Risk......Page 621 Confounding......Page 627 Standardization......Page 630 13.6 Methods of Inference for Stratified Categorical Data—The Mantel-Haenszel Test......Page 632 Estimation of the Odds Ratio for Stratified Data......Page 636 Effect Modification......Page 638 Estimation of the OR in Matched-Pair Studies......Page 640 Testing for Trend in the Presence of Confounding—Mantel-Extension Test......Page 642 13.7 Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Stratified Categorical Data......Page 645 General Model......Page 648 Interpretation of Regression Parameters......Page 649 Hypothesis Testing......Page 656 Prediction with Multiple Logistic Regression......Page 662 Assessing Goodness of Fit of Logistic-Regression Models......Page 663 Matched Logistic Regression......Page 669 Polychotomous Logistic Regression......Page 673 Ordinal Logistic Regression......Page 676 13.10 Meta-Analysis......Page 678 Test of Homogeneity of Odds Ratios......Page 681 Inference Based on Confidence-Interval Estimation......Page 683 Sample-Size Estimation for Equivalence Studies......Page 684 13.12 The Cross-Over Design......Page 686 Assessment of Treatment Effects......Page 687 Assessment of Carry-Over Effects......Page 690 Sample-Size Estimation for Cross-Over Studies......Page 692 Hypothesis Testing......Page 694 Power and Sample Size Estimation for Clustered Binary Data......Page 699 Regression Models for Clustered Binary Data......Page 701 13.14 Longitudinal Data Analysis......Page 707 Introduction......Page 716 Measurement-Error Correction with Gold-Standard Exposure......Page 717 Measurement-Error Correction Without a Gold-Standard Exposure......Page 721 13.16 Missing Data......Page 726 13.17 Summary......Page 731 Pulmonary Disease......Page 733 Infectious Disease......Page 734 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 735 Hypertension......Page 736 Cancer, Nutrition......Page 737 Environmental Health, Pediatrics......Page 738 Hypertension......Page 739 Cancer......Page 740 Cancer......Page 741 14.1 Measure of Effect for Person-Time Data......Page 745 Large-Sample Test......Page 747 Confidence Limits for Incidence Rates......Page 749 Hypothesis Testing—General Considerations......Page 750 Normal-Theory Test......Page 751 Exact Test......Page 754 The Rate Ratio......Page 756 Estimation of Power......Page 758 Sample-Size Estimation......Page 760 Hypothesis Testing......Page 762 Estimation of the Rate Ratio......Page 765 Testing the Assumption of Homogeneity of the Rate Ratio across Strata......Page 768 Sample-Size Estimation......Page 770 Estimation of Power......Page 773 14.7 Testing for Trend: Incidence-Rate Data......Page 775 14.8 Introduction to Survival Analysis......Page 778 14.9 Estimation of Survival Curves: The Kaplan-Meier Estimator......Page 780 The Treatment of Censored Data......Page 781 Other Types of Censoring......Page 783 Interval Estimation of Survival Probabilities......Page 784 Estimation of the Hazard Function: The Product-Limit Method......Page 786 14.10 The Log-Rank Test......Page 787 14.11 The Proportional-Hazards Model......Page 794 Testing the Assumptions of the Cox Proportional-Hazards Model......Page 801 Estimation of Power......Page 803 Estimation of Sample Size......Page 806 14.13 Parametric Survival Analysis......Page 807 Estimation of the Parameters of the Weibull Model......Page 809 Estimation of Percentiles of the Weibull Survival Function......Page 813 Assessing Goodness of Fit of the Weibull Model......Page 814 14.14 Parametric Regression Models for Survival Data......Page 815 Estimation of Percentiles for the Weibull Survival Distribution......Page 819 Cancer......Page 822 Infectious Disease......Page 824 Orthopedics......Page 825 Health Promotion......Page 826 Cancer......Page 827 Cancer......Page 828 Infectious Disease......Page 829 APPENDIX Tables......Page 831 Answers to Selected Problems......Page 857 FLOWCHART Methods of Statistical Inference......Page 861 Index of Data Sets......Page 867 Index......Page 869 Leads The Reader Through The Methods, Techniques, And Computations Necessary For Success In The Medical Field. Every New Concept Is Developed Systematically Through Completely Worked Out Examples From Current Medical Research Problems. Machine Generated Contents Note: Ch. 1 General Overview -- Ch. 2 Descriptive Statistics -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Measures Of Location -- 2.3. Some Properties Of The Arithmetic Mean -- 2.4. Measures Of Spread -- 2.5. Some Properties Of The Variance And Standard Deviation -- 2.6. The Coefficient Of Variation -- 2.7. Grouped Data -- 2.8. Graphic Methods -- 2.9. Case Study 1: Effects Of Lead Exposure On Neurological And Psychological Function In Children -- 2.10. Case Study 2: Effects Of Tobacco Use On Bone-mineral Density In Middle-aged Women -- 2.11. Obtaining Descriptive Statistics On The Computer -- 2.12. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 3 Probability -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Definition Of Probability -- 3.3. Some Useful Probabilistic Notation -- 3.4. The Multiplication Law Of Probability -- 3.5. The Addition Law Of Probability -- 3.6. Conditional Probability -- 3.7. Bayes' Rule And Screening Tests 3.8. Bayesian Inference -- 3.9. Roc Curves -- 3.10. Prevalence And Incidence -- 3.11. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 4 Discrete Probability Distributions -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Random Variables -- 4.3. The Probability-mass Function For A Discrete Random Variable -- 4.4. The Expected Value Of A Discrete Random Variable -- 4.5. The Variance Of A Discrete Random Variable -- 4.6. The Cumulative-distribution Function Of A Discrete Random Variable -- 4.7. Permutations And Combinations -- 4.8. The Binomial Distribution -- 4.9. Expected Value And Variance Of The Binomial Distribution -- 4.10. The Poisson Distribution -- 4.11. Computation Of Poisson Probabilities -- 4.12. Expected Value And Variance Of The Poisson Distribution -- 4.13. Poisson Approximation To The Binomial Distribution -- 4.14. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 5 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. General Concepts -- 5.3. The Normal Distribution -- 5.4. Properties Of The Standard Normal Distribution 5.5. Conversion From An N(μ, σ2) Distribution To An N(0, 1) Distribution -- 5.6. Linear Combinations Of Random Variables -- 5.7. Normal Approximation To The Binomial Distribution -- 5.8. Normal Approximation To The Poisson Distribution -- 5.9. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 6 Estimation -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The Relationship Between Population And Sample -- 6.3. Random-number Tables -- 6.4. Randomized Clinical Trials -- 6.5. Estimation Of The Mean Of A Distribution -- 6.6. Case Study: Effects Of Tobacco Use On Bone-mineral Density (bmd) In Middle-aged Women -- 6.7. Estimation Of The Variance Of A Distribution -- 6.8. Estimation For The Binomial Distribution -- 6.9. Estimation For The Poisson Distribution -- 6.10. One-sided Cls -- 6.11. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 7 Hypothesis Testing: One-sample Inference -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. General Concepts -- 7.3. One-sample Test For The Mean Of A Normal Distribution: One-sided Alternatives -- 7.4. One-sample Test For The Mean Of A Normal Distribution: Two-sided Alternatives 7.5. The Power Of A Test -- 7.6. Sample-size Determination -- 7.7. The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing And Confidence Intervals -- 7.8. Bayesian Inference -- 7.9. One-sample X2 Test For The Variance Of A Normal Distribution -- 7.10. One-sample Inference For The Binomial Distribution -- 7.11. One-sample Inference For The Poisson Distribution -- 7.12. Case Study: Effects Of Tobacco Use On Bone-mineral Density In Middle-aged Women -- 7.13. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 8 Hypothesis Testing: Two-sample Inference -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Paired T Test -- 8.3. Interval Estimation For The Comparison Of Means From Two Paired Samples -- 8.4. Two-sample T Test For Independent Samples With Equal Variances -- 8.5. Interval Estimation For The Comparison Of Means From Two Independent Samples (equal Variance Case) -- 8.6. Testing For The Equality Of Two Variances -- 8.7. Two-sample T Test For Independent Samples With Unequal Variances -- 8.8. Case Study: Effects Of Lead Exposure On Neurologic And Psychological Function In Children 8.9. The Treatment Of Outliers -- 8.10. Estimation Of Sample Size And Power For Comparing Two Means -- 8.11. Sample-size Estimation For Longitudinal Studies -- 8.12. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 9 Nonparametric Methods -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. The Sign Test -- 9.3. The Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test -- 9.4. The Wilcoxon Rank-sum Test -- 9.5. Case Study: Effects Of Lead Exposure On Neurologic And Psychological Function In Children -- 9.6. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 10 Hypothesis Testing: Categorical Data -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Two-sample Test For Binomial Proportions -- 10.3. Fisher's Exact Test -- 10.4. Two-sample Test For Binomial Proportions For Matched-pair Data (mcnemar's Test) -- 10.5. Estimation Of Sample Size And Power For Comparing Two Binomial Proportions -- 10.6. Rxc Contingency Tables -- 10.7. Chi-square Goodness-of-fit Test -- 10.8. The Kappa Statistic -- 10.9. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 11 Regression And Correlation Methods -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. General Concepts 11.3. Fitting Regression Lines -- The Method Of Least Squares -- 11.4. Inferences About Parameters From Regression Lines -- 11.5. Interval Estimation For Linear Regression -- 11.6. Assessing The Goodness Of Fit Of Regression Lines -- 11.7. The Correlation Coefficient -- 11.8. Statistical Inference For Correlation Coefficients -- 11.9. Multiple Regression -- 11.10. Case Study: Effects Of Lead Exposure On Neurologic And Psychological Function In Children -- 11.11. Partial And Multiple Correlation -- 11.12. Rank Correlation -- 11.13. Interval Estimation For Rank-correlation Coefficients -- 11.14. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 12 Multisample Inference -- 12.1. Introduction To The One-way Analysis Of Variance -- 12.2. One-way Anova -- Fixed-effects Model -- 12.3. Hypothesis Testing In One-way Anova -- Fixed-effects Model -- 12.4. Comparisons Of Specific Groups In One-way Anova -- 12.5. Case Study: Effects Of Lead Exposure On Neurologic And Psychological Function In Children -- 12.6. Two-way Anova 12.7. The Kruskal-wallis Test -- 12.8. One-way Anova -- The Random-effects Model -- 12.9. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient -- 12.10. Mixed Models -- 12.11. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 13 Design And Analysis Techniques For Epidemiologic Studies -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Study Design -- 13.3. Measures Of Effect For Categorical Data -- 13.4. Attributable Risk -- 13.5. Confounding And Standardization -- 13.6. Methods Of Inference For Stratified Categorical Data -- The Mantel-haenszel Test -- 13.7. Power And Sample-size Estimation For Stratified Categorical Data -- 13.8. Multiple Logistic Regression -- 13.9. Extensions To Logistic Regression -- 13.10. Meta-analysis -- 13.11. Equivalence Studies -- 13.12. The Cross-over Design -- 13.13. Clustered Binary Data -- 13.14. Longitudinal Data Analysis -- 13.15. Measurement-error Methods -- 13.16. Missing Data -- 13.17. Summary -- Problems -- Ch. 14 Hypothesis Testing: Person-time Data -- 14.1. Measure Of Effect For Person-time Data 14.2. One-sample Inference For Incidence-rate Data -- 14.3. Two-sample Inference For Incidence-rate Data -- 14.4. Power And Sample-size Estimation For Person-time Data -- 14.5. Inference For Stratified Person-time Data -- 14.6. Power And Sample-size Estimation For Stratified Person-time Data -- 14.7. Testing For Trend: Incidence-rate Data -- 14.8. Introduction To Survival Analysis -- 14.9. Estimation Of Survival Curves: The Kaplan-meier Estimator -- 14.10. The Log-rank Test -- 14.11. The Proportional-hazards Model -- 14.12. Power And Sample-size Estimation Under The Proportional-hazards Model -- 14.13. Parametric Survival Analysis -- 14.14. Parametric Regression Models For Survival Data -- 14.15. Summary -- Problems. Bernard Rosner. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.