Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl al-naḥw al-ʻarabī

Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar provides an authoritative guide to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) grammar. It has been organised to promote a thorough understanding of MSA grammar and presents its complexities in a cohesive and user-friendly format, filling many gaps left by other textbooks. Explanations are clear, full and accessible and extensive cross-referencing, two generous indices and six appendices provide users with easy access to the information they require. No prior knowledge of linguistic terminology is required. Features include: Expert treatment of a full range of grammar topics and structures, including the case system, Idhaafa , the equational sentence, quantifiers and the vocative, generously spread across thirty eight chapters Special attention to parts of speech, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and propositions, given at the beginning of the book to acquaint students with the basic units of Arabic and provide a solid foundation for further learning A wide range of contemporary examples drawn from real life to provide solid context to grammar points, further supported by word glosses and idiomatic translations of sentences Grammatical terms given in both Arabic and English A wide variety of supplementary learning resources such as practice sheets, exercises and verb tables available for free download at http: //(http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415710046/) www.routledge.com/books/details/97804... Substantial bibliography incorporating primary Arabic grammar sources in addition to secondary sources in Arabic and in English Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar has been field tested over a number of years and has been written by a highly experienced teacher of Arabic. It will be an essential resource for students and teachers of Arabic at all university levels and is suitable for use both as a companion reference text in Arabic language courses and as a standalone text in independent grammar classes. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Symbols used 1 The verb system in Arabic 1.1 The performer of action 1.2 Verb tenses 1.3 Intransitive verbs versus transitive verbs 1.3.1 Intransitive verbs 1.3.2 Transitive verbs 1.4 Nouns as direct objects 1.5 Pronouns as direct objects 1.6 Gender 1.7 Number in verbs 1.8 Verb voice 1.8.1 The active voice 1.8.2 The passive voice 1.9 Verb forms or patterns 1.9.1 Form I verbs 1.9.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II–X) 1.9.3 Quadriliteral verbs 1.10 Verb moods 1.10.1 Indicative mood 1.10.2 Subjunctive mood 1.10.3 Jussive mood 1.10.4 Imperative mood 2 Nouns 2.1 Types of nouns 2.2 Gender 2.3 Number 2.4 Determination of nouns 2.5 Function of nouns 2.6 The five nouns 3 The case system in Arabic 3.1 The case system in English 3.2 The case system in Arabic 3.3 The nominative case 3.3.1 Nominative singular nouns 3.3.2 Nominative dual nouns 3.3.3 Nominative plural nouns 3.4 The accusative case 3.4.1 Accusative singular nouns 3.4.2 Accusative dual nouns 3.4.3 Accusative plural nouns 3.5 The genitive case 3.5.1 Genitive singular nouns 3.5.2 Genitive dual nouns 3.5.3 Genitive plural nouns 4 Adjectives 4.1 Common forms of adjectives 4.1.1 Regular adjectives 4.1.2 Color words and traits as adjectives 4.1.3 Nisba adjectives 4.1.4 Other types of adjective 4.2 Noun–adjective agreement 4.2.1 Noun–adjective agreement in the singular 4.2.2 Noun–adjective agreement in the dual 4.2.3 Human noun–adjective agreement in the plural 4.2.4 Non-human noun–adjective agreement in the plural 5 Pronouns 5.1 Personal pronouns 5.1.1 Singular independent personal pronouns 5.1.2 Singular suffixal personal pronouns 5.1.3 Dual independent personal pronouns 5.1.4 Dual suffixal personal pronouns 5.1.5 Plural independent personal pronouns 5.1.6 Plural suffixal personal pronouns 5.2 Demonstrative pronouns 5.2.1 Singular demonstrative pronouns 5.2.2 Dual demonstrative pronouns 5.2.3 Plural demonstrative pronouns 6 Prepositions and adverbs functioning as prepositions 6.1 Bound prepositions 6.2 Independent prepositions 6.2.1 Prepositions that precede nouns or pronouns 6.2.2 Prepositions that precede nouns but not pronouns 6.2.3 Prepositions that can precede nouns signaling time reference 6.3 وَ and تَ in oath-making 6.4 Particles functioning as prepositions 6.5 Adverbs functioning as prepositions 6.6 Interrogative particles 7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of time 7.2 Adverbs of place 7.3 Adverbs of degree 7.4 Placement of adverbs 8 The IDhaafa-construct 8.1 The first noun in IDhaafa 8.2 The second noun in IDhaafa 8.3 IDhaafa function in sentences 8.4 Multiple first nouns in IDhaafa 8.5 Adjective IDhaafa (quasi- or pseudo-IDhaafa) 8.6 Modification of IDhaafa 8.7 construct for clarification of IDhaafa elements 8.7.1 Multiple noun IDhaafa and لِ construct 8.8 Use of مِنْ instead of لِ 8.9 The negative noun غَي 8.9.1 غَي with nouns 8.9.2 غَيْرُ with pronouns 8.9.3 غَي with adjectives 8.9.4 غَي after prepositions 8.9.5 غَي with the definite article 8.9.6 غَيْرُ لا and غَيْرُ لَيْسَ 8.10 IDhaafa using elements other than غَي 9 The equational sentence 9.1 Personal pronouns as subjects 9.1.1 Personal pronouns (as subjects) + proper nouns (as predicates) 9.1.2 Personal pronouns + common nouns 9.1.3 Personal pronouns + adjectives 9.1.4 Proper nouns or personal pronouns + prepositional phrases or adverbs 9.2 Demonstrative pronouns 9.2.1 Demonstrative pronouns + proper nouns 9.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns with common nouns as predicates 9.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns modifying subjects of equational sentences 9.3 Common nouns as subjects 9.3.1 Common nouns + prepositional phrases or adverbs 9.3.2 Common nouns + adjectives 9.4 Subject–predicate inversion 9.4.1 Interrogative particles 9.4.2 Prepositional or adverbial phrases 9.5 Modifying subjects and predicates 9.5.1 Modifying subjects by adjectives 9.5.2 Modifying predicates by adjectives 9.6 هَل 9.7 Categorical negation 10 Kaana and its sisters 10.1 Negation of equational sentences 10.1.1 Negation of the equational sentence in the singular 10.1.2 Negation of the equational sentence in the dual 10.1.3 Negation of the equational sentence in the plural 10.2 Nouns or adjectives as predicates 10.2.1 Singular nouns and adjectives as predicates 10.2.2 Dual nouns and adjectives as predicates 10.2.3 Plural nouns and adjectives as predicates 10.3 The equational sentence in past tense 10.3.1 The equational sentence in past tense in the singular 10.3.2 The equational sentence in past tense in the dual 10.3.3 The equational sentence in past tense in the plural 10.4 Negation of kaana 10.4.1 ما + past tense of كانَ 10.4.2 ل + jussive of كانَ 10.5 Other sisters of كانَ 11 Verbal sentences: past tense 11.1 Sentence structure 11.2 Sentences with intransitive verbs 11.3 Sentences with transitive verbs 11.4 Past tense singular 11.4.1 Form I verbs 11.4.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II–X) 11.4.3 Quadriliteral verbs 11.5 Singular suffix pronouns: direct object 11.6 Dual verb conjugation: the past tense 11.6.1 Hollow verbs 11.6.2 Defective verbs 11.6.3 Doubled verbs 11.7 Sentence structure 11.8 Dual suffix pronouns: direct object 11.9 Plural verb conjugation: the past tense 11.9.1 Hollow verbs 11.9.2 Defective verbs 11.9.3 Doubled verbs 11.10 Plural suffix pronouns: direct object 11.11 Past tense negation 12 Present tense indicative 12.1 Present tense singular 12.1.1 Form I verbs 12.1.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II–X) 12.2 Present tense dual 12.2.1 Hollow verbs 12.2.2 Defective verbs 12.2.3 Doubled verbs 12.3 Present tense plural 12.3.1 Form I verbs 12.3.2 Form V verbs 12.3.3 Form VI verbs 12.3.4 Form VII verbs 12.3.5 Form VIII verbs 12.3.6 Form IX verbs 12.3.7 Form X verbs 12.4 Present tense negation 13 Present tense subjunctive 13.1 Singular subjunctive verbs 13.1.1 لِ لِكَيْ، كَيْ، تّى، “in order to,” “for the purpose of ” 13.1.2 أَنْ 13.2 Dual subjunctive verbs 13.3 Plural subjunctive verbs 13.4 Negation of the subjunctive 14 The future tense 14.1 Future tense singular 14.2 Future tense dual 14.3 Future tense plural 14.4 Future tense negation 14.4.1 Singular 14.4.2 Dual 14.4.3 Plural 15 Jussive verbs 15.1 Negation with lam 15.1.1 Verbs in the singular 15.1.2 Verbs in the dual 15.1.3 Verbs in the plural 16 Passive voice 16.1 Past tense 16.1.1 Defective verbs 16.1.2 Doubled verbs 16.2 Present tense 16.2.1 Hollow verbs 16.2.2 Defective verbs 16.2.3 Doubled verbs 16.3 Subjunctive verbs in the passive voice 16.4 Future tense 17 Imperative verbs 17.1 Form I imperative verbs 17.1.1 Middle vowel fat-Ha or kasra 17.1.2 Middle vowel hamza 17.1.3 Waaw-beginning verbs 17.1.4 Hollow verbs 17.1.5 Defective verbs 17.1.6 Doubled verbs 17.2 Form II–X imperative verbs 17.2.1 Form II verbs 17.2.2 Form III verbs 17.2.3 Form IV verbs 17.2.4 Form VII verbs 17.2.5 Form VIII verbs 17.2.6 Form X verbs 17.2.7 Form V verbs 17.2.8 Form VI verbs 17.3 Indirect imperative 17.4 Negative imperative 17.5 Warnings 18 Past continuous tense 18.1 A state in the past 18.2 Past habitual action 18.3 Past continuous 18.3.1 Past continuous tense negation 19 Past perfect tense 20 Conditionals 20.1 Particles with varying tenses 20.1.1 إِذا “if” 20.1.2 لَوْ “were,” “had . . . been” 20.1.3 إِنْ “if” 20.2 Particles with the jussive mood 20.2.1 مَنْ “whoever” 20.2.2 ما “whatever” 20.2.3 مَهْما “whatever” 20.2.4 أَيْنَما “wherever” 20.2.5 مَتى “whenever” 20.2.6 أَيُّ “whoever, whichever” 20.2.7 كَيْفَما “however” 20.2.8 حَيْثُما “wherever” 21 ’Inna and its sisters 21.1 لكِنَّ “but” 21.2 لِأَنَّ “because” 21.3 إِنَّ “Indeed” and “that” 21.4 أَنَّ “that” 21.5 لَعَلَّ “perhaps” 21.6 كَأَنَّ “as if, as though” 21.7 لَيْتَ “if only” 22 Relative pronouns 22.1 Singular relative pronouns 22.1.1 اَلَّذي and اَلَّتي replacing subject nouns 22.1.2 اَلَّذي and اَلَّتي replacing object nouns 22.1.3 اَلَّذي and اَلَّتي replacing nouns governed by prepositions 22.1.4 اَلَّتي replacing non-human plural nouns 22.1.5 Relative pronouns without antecedents 22.2 Dual relative pronouns 22.2.1 اللذانِ and اللتانِ replacing subject nouns 22.2.2 اَللذَيْنِ and اَللَتينِ replacing direct object nouns and objects of prepositions 22.3 Plural relative pronouns 22.3.1 اَلَّذينَ 22.3.2 اَللواتي / اللائي / اللوائي/ اللاتي 22.4 Relative clauses with indefinite antecedents 22.5 Relative clauses without antecedents 22.5.1 مَنْ and ما as relative pronouns 23 Agentive nouns 23.1 Form I verbs 23.1.1 Hollow verbs 23.1.2 Defective verbs 23.1.3 Doubled verbs 23.2 Form II–X verbs 23.2.1 Hollow verbs in فَعَّلَ - اِسْتَفْعَلَ (Forms II–X) اِسْم فاعِل 23.2.2 Doubled verbs in فَعَّلَ - اِسْتَفْعَلَ (Forms II–X) اِسْم فاعِل 23.3 Functions of agentive nouns 23.3.1 Agentive nouns functioning as nouns 23.3.2 Agentive nouns functioning as adjectives 23.3.3 Agentive nouns functioning as transitive verbs 24 Passive participles 24.1 Derivation of passive participles 24.1.1 فَعَلَ (Form I) 24.1.2 اِسْتَفْعَلَ - فَعَّلَ (Forms II–X) 24.2 Functions of passive participles 24.2.1 Passive participles as adjectives 24.2.2 Passive participles as nouns 24.3 Passive participle phrases 24.3.1 Passive participle phrases used with أَنَّ 24.3.2 Passive participle phrases used with أَنْ 25 Verbal nouns: maSdars 25.1 Derivation of maSdars 25.1.1 فَعَلَ (Form I) maSdars 25.1.2 فَعَّلَ - اِسْتَفْعَلَ (Forms II–X) maSdars 25.1.3 Quadriliteral verb maSdars 25.1.4 Color word maSdars 25.1.5 Miim-beginning maSdars 25.1.6 Abstract nouns of quality 25.2 Behavior of maSdars 25.2.1 Definite and indefinite maSdars 25.3 Cognate Objects 25.4 MaSdars with direct objects 25.5 MaSdars with prepositions 25.6 MaSdars substituting for المَصْدَرِيَّة أَنْ / المَنصوب المُضارِع الفِعْل + أَنْ 25.7 Objects of purpose 25.8 Negation of maSdars with عَدَم 26 Diminutive nouns 27 Comparative adjectives 27.1 The function of adjectives 27.2 Comparative adjectives 27.3 Comparative of color words 27.4 Superlative adjectives 27.5 Superlative adjectives of color 28 Plural nouns 28.1 Regular masculine plurals 28.1.1 فَعَلَ (Form I) active participle plurals 28.2 Regular feminine plurals 28.3 Irregular (broken) plurals 28.4 Place noun plurals 28.5 Instrument noun plurals 28.6 The five nouns and their plurals 28.7 Unit noun plurals 28.8 Plural nouns of single occurrence 28.9 Profession noun plurals 28.10 Nouns of intensity and their plurals 28.11 Plural nouns and adjectives 28.12 Collective/mass nouns 29 Indeclinable nouns/diptotes 29.1 Indeclinable plural nouns 29.2 Indeclinable adjectives 29.3 Indeclinable proper nouns 29.4 Indeclinable compound proper nouns 30 Numbers 30.1 “One” and “two” 30.2 “Three” to “ten” 30.2.1 The counted noun from “three” to “ten” for indefinite nouns 30.3 Cardinal numbers as adjectives for definite nouns 30.4 “Eleven” and “twelve” 30.5 “Thirteen” to “nineteen” 30.6 The tens (“twenty,” “thirty,” etc.) 30.7 “Twenty-one” to “ninety-nine” 30.8 Hundred(s) 30.8.1 “Two hundred” 30.9 Thousand(s) 30.9.1 “Two thousand” 30.9.2 Thousands and dates 30.10 Million(s) 30.11 Ordinal numbers “first” to “tenth” as adjectives 30.12 Ordinal numbers as adverbs 30.13 Lists of cardinal and ordinal numbers 30.13.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 30.13.2 Cardinal numbers with counted nouns 30.13.3 Ordinal numbers with counted nouns 30.14 Fractions 31 Quantifiers 31.1 كُلّ 31.1.1 كُلّ plus indefinite singular nouns: “each and every” 31.1.2 كُلّ plus definite singular nouns: “the whole of” 31.1.3 كُلّ plus definite plural nouns: “all of” 31.2 بَعْض “some of” 31.3 جَميع “all of” 31.4 مُعْظَم “most of” 31.5 كِلا “both” 31.6 كِلْتا “both” 31.7 عِدَّةٌ “many, a number of” 31.8 The quantifiers as adjectives 32 Haal clauses (accusative of circumstance) 32.1 A nominal sentence as a subordinate clause 32.2 Verbal sentences without واو الحال 32.3 Equational sentences 32.4 Use of active participles, passive participles or nouns 32.5 Use of prepositional phrases 32.6 Negation of Haal clause 32.7 Haal clauses in the past tense 33 Tamyiiz (accusative of specification) 33.1 Comparisons using tamyiiz 33.2 Numerals 11 to 99 and tamyiiz 33.3 Weights, measures, and tamyiiz 33.4 كَم “how much,” “how many” and tamyiiz 34 Exception إِلاّ 34.1 ما عَدا 34.2 عَدا 34.3 غَيْرُ 34.4 سِوى 34.5 ما خَلا 34.6 خَلا 34.7 حاشا 34.8 باِسْتِثْناءِ 34.9 35 Vocative يا 35.1 35.2 نُدْبَة “lamentation” أيُّها 35.3 أَيَّتُها 35.4 يا أَيَّتُها / يا أَيُّها 35.5 أَي 35.6 36 Exclamation ما 36.1 plus comparative adjectives ما ...ما 36.2 plus verbal phrases أَفْعِلْ بِ 36.3 يا لِ / لَ 36.4 كَمْ 36.5 نِعْمَ 36.6 and بِئْسَ 37 Apposition 37.1 Substitution of a noun for the whole 37.2 Substitution of a part for the whole 37.3 Comprehensive substitution 37.4 Correcting oneself 38 Emphasis عَي / نَفْس 38.1 عَيْن / نَفْس 38.1.1 in the dual عَيْن / نَفس 38.1.2 in the plural ذات 38.2 “self ” 38.3 Emphasis by pronoun repetition Appendix A: hollow verbs Appendix B: defective verbs Appendix C: doubled verbs Appendix D: فاعَلَ verbs (Form III) Appendix E: أَفْعَلَ verbs (Form IV) Appendix F: verbs requiring the use of ’anna أَنَّ Appendix G: phrases requiring the use of ’anna أَنَّ Appendix H: phrases requiring the use of ’an أَنْ Bibliography Index 1: English grammatical terms Index 2: Arabic grammatical terms __Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar____Idhaafa__[www.routledge.com/books/details/97804...](http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415710046/)Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar has been field tested over a number of years and has been written by a highly experienced teacher of Arabic. It will be an essential resource for students and teachers of Arabic at all university levels and is suitable for use both as a companion reference text in Arabic language courses and as a standalone text in independent grammar classes. Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar has been organised to promote a thorough understanding of Modern Standard Arabic grammar and presents its complexities in a cohesive and user-friendly format, filling many gaps left by other textbooks.