Fundamentals and Applications of Biophotonics in Dentistry (Series on Biomaterials and Bioengineering) (Biomaterials and Bioengineering)

Biophotonics In Dentistry Is A Rapidly Growing Area. Unlike Other Books, This Invaluable Compendium Touches On The Fundamental Areas In Biophotonics. Contributed By World-renowned Authors, It Provides A Basic Understanding On A Range Of Topics For Individuals Of Different Backgrounds To Acquire A Minimum Knowledge Of Research And Development In Biophotonics. The Chapters Are Arranged In Two Major Categories. The First Describes The Fundamental Aspects Of Photonics, Such As Photomechanics, Biomedical Imaging, Lasers And Laser-tissue Interaction, Spectroscopy And Photodynamic Therapy. The Second Details The Applications Of Biophotonics, With Special Relevance To Dentistry, Including Dental Photobiomechanics, Raman Spectroscopy And Dental Tissue Optics.--book Jacket. Ch. 1. Introduction -- Ch. 2. Photomechanics -- Ch. 3. Biomedical Imaging -- Ch. 4. Spectroscopy -- Ch. 5. Lasers And Laser Tissue Interaction -- Ch. 6. Mechanisms And Applications Of Photodynamic Therapy -- Ch. 7. Dental Photo-biomechanics -- Ch. 8. Micro-raman Spectroscopy : Principles And Applications In Dental Research -- Ch. 9. Dental And Oral Tissue Optics -- Ch. 10. Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors. [edited By] Anil Kishen, Anand Asundi. Includes Bibliographical References. Contents 8 Preface 6 FUNDAMENTALS 14 Chapter 1 Introduction 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 Definition and Significance 15 1.3 Classification of Biophotonics in Dentistry 16 1.3.1 Diagnostic 16 1.3.2 Therapeutic 17 1.3.3 Research 18 1.4 Future Opportunities 20 1.5 Scope of this Book 21 Chapter 2 Photomechanics 22 2.1 Introduction to Mechanics 22 2.1.1 Force and Stress 23 2.1.2 Deformation and Strain 26 2.1.3 Stress-Strain Equations 29 2.2 Basic Optical Engineering 29 2.2.1 Geometrical Optics 30 2.2.2 Physical (Wave) Optics 32 2.2.3 Photonics 40 2.3 Photomechanics 43 2.3.1 Moire and Grid Methods 44 2.3.2 Speckle Methods 51 2.3.3 Photoelasticity 59 2.3.4 Holography 67 2.3.5 Digital Photomechanics 71 2.4 Concluding Remarks 73 Chapter 3 Biomedical Imaging 76 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Non-Linear Optical Microscopy (NLOM): Multiphoton Excited Fluorescence (MPEF) and Second Harmonic Generation (SGH) 78 3.2.1 Principles of NLOM 79 3.2.2 Development and Applications of NLOM 82 3.2.3 NLOM in Dentistry 85 3.3 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 86 3.3.1 Principles of OCT 87 3.3.2 Developments and Applications of OCT 88 3.3.3 OCT in Dentistry 93 3.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and Modulated Imaging (MI) 95 3.5 Fluorescence Contrast Enhancement 98 3.6 Concluding Remarks 100 Chapter 4 Spectroscopy 106 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Molecular Orbitals and Transitions 107 4.3 Transition Dipole Moment 112 4.4 Spin Selection Rule 113 4.5 Franck-Condon Principle 115 4.6 Jablonski Diagram 117 4.7 Stokes Shift 120 4.8 Spectrophotometry 121 4.9 Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime 123 4.10 Spectrofluorimetry 125 4.11 Fluorescence Quenching 128 4.12 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) 129 4.13 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 130 4.14 Concluding Remarks 133 Chapter 5 Lasers and Laser Tissue Interaction 136 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Laser Basics 137 5.2.1 Characteristics of Lasers 139 5.3 Light Propagation in Tissue 141 5.4 Optical Imaging and Diagnosis 144 5.4.1 Optical Imaging 144 5.4.2 Optical Spectroscopic Diagnosis 146 5.5 Optical Processing of Tissue 154 5.5.1 Photothermal Effects 155 5.5.2 Photomechanical Effects 157 5.5.3 Photochemical Effects 157 5.5.4 Applications of Laser Processing of Tissue 158 5.6 Concluding Remarks 161 Chapter 6 Mechanisms and Applications of Photodynamic Therapy 166 6.1 Historical Background 167 6.2 Photosensitizers 168 6.3 Light Applicators 169 6.4 PDT Mechanisms 174 6.4.1 Photophysics and Photochemistry 174 6.4.2 Biological Effect 175 6.5 PDT Dosimetry 179 6.6 Progress in Clinical Application 180 6.6.1 Non-Malignant Diseases 181 6.6.2 Malignant Diseases 182 6.7 PDT in Dentistry 188 6.7.1 Technical Challenges 188 6.7.2 Current Status 189 6.8 Concluding Remarks 190 APPLICATIONS 196 Chapter 7 Dental Photo-Biomechanics 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 Photoelasticity 197 7.2.1 Introduction 197 7.2.2 Photoelastic Models 198 7.2.3 Polariscope 199 7.2.4 Photoelastic Fringe Analysis 202 7.2.5 Applications of Photoelasticity in Dentistry 205 7.3 Moire Interferometry 208 7.3.1 Introduction 208 7.3.2 Specimen Grating and Moire Interferometer 209 7.3.3 Applications of Moire Technique in Dentistry 210 7.4 Electronic Speckle Pattern Correlation Interferometry 213 7.4.1 Introduction 213 7.4.2 ESPI Experimental Arrangement 214 7.4.3 Applications of ESPI Technique in Dentistry 214 7.5 Concluding Remarks 220 Chapter 8 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications in Dental Research 222 8.1 Introduction 222 8.2 Breakdown of Composite Repair/Replacement Materials 223 8.3 Material/Tissue Interface 224 8.4 Brief Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy 225 8.5 Applications of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy in Dental Research 228 8.5.1 Characterization of the Smear Layer 228 8.5.2 Characterization of Smear Debris 237 8.5.3 Quantifying Reactions at the Adhesive/Dentin Interface 239 8.5.4 Investigation of Adhesive Phase Separation 244 8.6. Concluding Remarks 252 Chapter 9 Dental and Oral Tissue Optics 258 9.1 Introduction 258 9.2 Continuous Wave Light Interaction with Tissues 261 9.3 Time-Resolved Diffusion Measurements 266 9.4 Optical Properties of Dental Enamel and Dentin 269 9.4.1 Structure of Enamel and Dentin 269 9.4.2 Spectral Properties of Enamel and Dentin 272 9.4.3 Scattering Properties of Enamel 274 9.4.4 Scattering Properties of Dentin 276 9.4.5 Waveguide Effects 277 9.5 Propagation of Polarized Light in Tissues 279 9.5.1 Basic Principles 279 9.5.2 Transillumination Polarization Technique 281 9.5.3 Backscattering Polarization Imaging 282 9.5.4 In-Depth Polarization Spectroscopy 285 9.5.5 Superficial Epithelial Layer Polarization Spectroscopy 286 9.5.6 Polarization Microscopy 287 9.5.7 Digital Photoelasticity Measurements 287 9.6 Optothermal Radiometry 288 9.7 Thermal Imaging 292 9.8 Coherent Effects in the Interaction of Laser Radiation with Tissues and Cell Flows 293 9.9 Dynamic Light Scattering 296 9.9.1 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering 296 9.9.2 Dynamic Speckles 297 9.9.3 Full-Field Speckle Technique- LASCA 298 9.9.4 Diffusion Wave Spectroscopy 299 9.9.5 Experimental Studies 300 9.10 Coherent Backscattering 300 9.11 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 301 9.11.1 Introduction 301 9.11.2 Conventional (Time-Domain) OCT 302 9.11.3 En-Face OCT 303 9.11.4 Doppler OCT 304 9.11.5 Polarization Sensitive OCT 305 9.11.6 Optical Coherence Microscopy 307 9.12 Concluding Remarks 308 Chapter 10 Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors 314 10.1 Introduction 314 10.2 Fiber Optics in Diagnosis 315 10.3 Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors: Principles 317 10.4 Direct Fiber Optic Sensors: Principles 317 10.4.1 Direct Fiber Optic Physical Sensors 319 10.4.2 Direct Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors 319 10.5. Indirect Fiber Optic Sensors: Principles 322 10.5.1 Indirect Fiber Optic Physical Sensors 323 10.5.2 Indirect Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors 326 10.6 Biosensors 329 10.7 Applications of Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors in Dentistry 332 10.8 Concluding Remarks 339 Biophotonics in dentistry is a rapidly growing area. This book looks at the fundamental areas in biophotonics. Its chapters are arranged in two major categories, describing the fundamental aspects of photonics, and detailing the applications of biophotonics, with relevance to dentistry, including dental photobiomechanics and dental tissue optics.