Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-communicable Diseases

__Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-communicable Diseases__ presents strategies for the prevention of non-communicable diseases and undernutrition through the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Research has shown that the use of certain functional foods and nutraceuticals, including spices, herbs, and millets, animal foods and plant foods can play a role in the treatment and prevention of various diseases and in health promotion. Finally, the book explores epigenetic modulation as a new method for the development of functional foods and functional farming. Intended for nutritionists, food scientists and those working in related health science professions, this book contributes to the discussions focused on nutritional transition, globalization, how to administer foods in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, heart attacks, neuropsychiatric disorders, bone and joint diseases, and carcinogenesis. Front Cover Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-communicable Diseases Copyright Page Contents List of contributors Foreword References Preface References Editorial: the 10 qualities of a high-quality diet Shifting national dietary guidelines Food diversity Glycemic index Dietary fatty acids Flexitarian diet and microbiota Diets for good health, a healthy life expectancy, and sustainability References Section 1 Functional food and nutraceutical availability 1 Western diets and risk of non-communicable diseases Introduction Role of the global health community in the prevention of NCDs Global nutritional dynamics, health education, and health promotion Is life expectancy either healthy or happy? Globalization of western-type diets and health Globalization of prudent diets and protection from NCDs Randomized, controlled trials with Mediterranean-style diets Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading 2 Estimates of functional food and nutraceutical availability in the world, with reference to food peroxidation and food safety Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates of functional foods Quality of foods and diets Nutraceuticals Peroxidation of foods during processing, storage and heating Mechanisms of oxidation and peroxidation of foods Prevention of peroxidation of foods Estimates of food production for the global population Estimates of total functional foods available for consumption Estimates of functional food consumption Estimates of Food and Agriculture Organization for functional foods production Estimates of functional foods with reference to nutrients Estimates of functional food production in India Acknowledgment References 3 Epigenetic modulation of nutritional factors with reference to microgravity conditions for plants and animals: a new biot... Introduction Sprouted foods Microgravity conditions Epigenetic mechanisms of evolution and functional foods Environmental factors and genetic variations among humans Effects of nutrients and the agouti gene The evolutionary diet, the environment, and health Eggs as functional foods after hens are fed functional foods Epigenetic modulation in plants for food production Acknowledgments References Section 2 Evolutionary diet and functional foods available in the world 4 Beneficial effects of gourds in health and diseases Introduction Gourds as functional foods Ash gourd (Kumehrah) Composition of ash gourd Bottle gourd (Lauki) Composition of bottle gourd Bitter gourd (Karela) Composition of bitter gourd Therapeutic clinical uses of bitter gourd Experimental studies Mechanisms of action of bitter gourds Bitter gourd palatability Other gourd vegetables (snake gourd, pointed gourd, ridge gourd, ivy gourd) Flavonoids, phenolics, and carotenoids with regard to NCDs Conclusion References 5 Effects of guava fruit intake on cardiometabolic diseases Introduction Composition of guava fruit Effects of guava fruits on health and diseases Can hypopotassemia and hypomagnesemia aggravate hypertension? Mechanisms Conclusion References 6 Exploring the quality of foods from ancient China based on traditional Chinese medicine Introduction Jujube Jujube nutritional composition and chemical constituents Traditional medicinal uses and potential health benefits of jujube in modern medicine Lotus Lotus composition and chemical constituents Lotus health benefits Coix lacryma-jobi Coix origin, Coix nutritional composition, and chemical constituents Coix health benefits Dry lily bulb Origin and health benefits and constitution of lily bulb Tremella Origin, chemical constituents, and health benefits of Tremella Conclusion References 7 Use of plant foods from West Africa in the management of metabolic syndrome Introduction Some West African plant foods Discussion References 8 Best quality foods of Iran for the prevention of non-communicable diseases Introduction Functional foods and prevention of non-communicable diseases Pistachios Composition of the pistachio nut Effects of pistachio intake on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes Pomegranates Composition of pomegranate fruit Mechanisms of beneficial effects Effects of pomegranate fruit on cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases Effects of pomegranate fruit in hypertension Effects of pomegranate in diabetes Peaches Composition of peaches Beneficial effects of peaches in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes Effects of peaches on cancers Comments Conflict of interest References 9 Medical rice: discovery of a new food Expanding medical costs in countries with aging populations An innovative solution is required from a rapidly growing aging society The necessity of prevention to reduce medical and care cost Western and Eastern nutritional science Functional ingredients in rice bran Effects of brown rice on well-being Definition of medical rice Medical rice Acknowledgments References 10 The role of rice as a whole grain in the management of metabolic syndrome Varieties of rice White rice Colored rice Genetically modified rice Nutrient contents of rice Rice modification: the impacts on health Brown rice and metabolic syndrome Cooking methods and type 2 diabetes mellitus Rice as functional foods Genetic response to rice consumption Dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome Substitution of colored rice for white rice References Section 3 Fatty acids in the diet as functional foods 11 Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid–rich diets and risk of non-communicable diseases Introduction Polyunsaturated fatty acids in modern diets Synthesis of lipid mediators Deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on pregnancy and its outcome Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on non-communicable diseases Effects of linoleic acids on cardiovascular disease Randomized controlled trials Effects of arachidonic acid in non-communicable diseases Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and a balanced omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in non-communicable diseases Effects of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diabetes mellitus Effects of fatty acids in dementia References 12 Nutritional modulators of preconceptional and perinatal factors for primordial prevention of non-communicable diseases: ... Introduction Preconception nutrition of the father and mother Malnutrition during pregnancy Effects of dietary supplementation on health of mothers Effects of a millet-based Indo-Mediterranean style diet on cardiometabolic disorders References 13 Olive fruit and olive oil bioactive polyphenols in the promotion of health Introduction Absorption and oral bioavailability of olive polyphenols Safety or toxicity of olive polyphenols Effects against oxidative stress and inflammation Endothelial dysfunction and impaired wound healing Diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease Neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Major depressive disorder Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Conclusion References 14 Do modern eggs, but not wild-type eggs, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer? Introduction Composition of eggs Nutrition in transition and risk of non-communicable diseases Egg intake and risk of non-communicable diseases Effects of animal foods on trimethylamine-N-oxide Mechanisms Effects of changes in feed on the composition of eggs and meat Can a prudent diet improve gut microbiota and health? Comments Acknowledgment References Further reading 15 Effects of nutritional factors on immunity Introduction Risk factors and immunity Diet and immunity Effects of polyphenols and flavonoids on immunity Effects of fatty acids on immunity Arachidonic acid Effects of herbs on immunity References 16 Fish, fish oil, and fish peptides and other seafood Introduction The fish oil debate Fish peptides and fish in the diets Effects of fish proteins on coronary risk factors Effect of fish protein in coronary artery disease Effects of fish peptides in hypertension Fish intake and all-cause morbidity and mortality Mechanisms of action of fish proteins and peptides American Heart Association advisory References Section 4 Functional foods and micronutrients 17 Sumac: a functional food and herbal remedy in traditional herbal medicine in the Asia Introduction Sumac as a medicinal plant Identified metabolites of sumac fruit Botany Sumac chemical component Sumac as a spice Traditionally care Modern pharmaceutical science Industry Conclusion References 18 Quark cheese: characteristics, preparation, and health effects as a functional food Introduction Beneficial and adverse effects of quark cheese Characteristics of quark cheese Quark cheese as a probiotic Functional properties of quark cheese Preparation methods of quark cheese General methods of quark preparation Production of quark cheese by using a two-stage continuous fermenter Preparation of quark cheese by the National Dairy Research Institute method Steps involved in modern manufacture of quark cheese Factor affecting the preparation of quark cheese Heating affects the physical properties of quark cheese Lactose hydrolysis in high heated milk affects the physical properties of quark cheese Preparation of quark cheese by adding honey and its effects Quark filtration technology Preconcentration of cheese milk by nanofiltration Application based on end use of quark cheese Recent advances in the preparation of quark cheese Enhancement of functional attributes in quark cheese Enrichment with dietary fiber Enrichment of quark cheese with prebiotic and probiotic attributes Preservation of quark cheese by using chemicals Effect of rennet enzyme on proteolysis and bitterness in quark cheese during storage Nonstarter lactobacilli-enhanced flavor of quark Physiological effects and dietary application of quark cheese produced with enzyme transglutaminase in growing rats Cathepsin D activity in quark Lactose absorption by postweaning rats from yogurt, quark, and quark whey Food consistency effects of quark in lactose malabsorption Effect of thermization on the quality of quark Conclusion References 19 Cocoa and chocolate consumption and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases Introduction Historical view of cocoa Biochemistry and pharmakokinetics Mechanisms of action Platelet dysfunction Clinical studies on the effect of cocoa on cardiometabolic diseases Obesity Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and vascular disease Hypertension Reduction in blood lipids Dysfunction of the endothelium Stroke Memory dysfunction and dementia Other chronic diseases Drug development Functional food development Agricultural policy Acknowledgments References Further reading 20 A survey of biological nitrogen fixation in adzuki beans, soybeans, and mung beans, three legumes in traditional Chinese... Introduction Adzuki beans Adzuki beans: a unique traditional Chinese food for sustainable agriculture Adzuki cultivation in different parts of China Adzuki beans and nitrogen fixation Soybeans Soybeans in traditional Chinese medicine Nitrogen fixation in soybeans Mung beans Mung beans in traditional Chinese medicine Mung beans and nitrogen fixation Conclusion References 21 Functional food and organic farming for sustainable development with a vision for sustainable food and farming Introduction Organic agriculture and functional food Conclusion References Further reading 22 Organic acids: microbial sources, production, and applications Introduction Microbial sources for organic acid production Citric acid Microorganisms used for citric acid production Metabolic pathway for citric acid synthesis Fermentation processes Surface fermentation Submerged fermentation Solid-state fermentation Citric acid recovery Applications of citric acid Gluconic acid Properties of gluconic acid Production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger Recovery of gluconic acid Application of gluconic acid Fumaric acid Lactic acid Lactic acid production Recovery of lactic acid Applications of lactic acid Conclusion References Further reading Section 5 Fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains 23 Role of millets in disease prevention and health promotion Introduction Proximate composition and calorific value Health benefit of the millets Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Minerals and vitamins Phenolic compounds The role of millets in the management of various diseases Diabetes Cancer Cardiovascular diseases Ulcer Antimicrobial properties Inflammation and wound healing Conclusion References 24 Potential health benefits of selected fruits: apples, blueberries, grapes, guavas, mangos, pomegranates, and tomatoes Introduction Unique characteristics of various fruits Apples Blueberries Grapes Guava Mango Pomegranate Tomato Summary and conclusion References 25 Bioactive ingredients of legumes Introduction Soybeans, peanuts, and cowpeas Clover Conclusion References 26 Effects of nuts consumption on cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases Introduction Nut consumption and risk of all-cause mortality Effects of nuts on clinical and biochemical risk factors Diet, nut intake, and risk of non-communicable diseases Controlled trials of nut consumption Acknowledgments References Section 6 Spices as new functional foods 27 Effects of fenugreek seeds on cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases Introduction Fenugreek seeds Composition of fenugreek seeds Mechanisms Effects of fenugreek seeds on blood lipids and blood glucose Effects of fenugreek seeds on oxidative stress and inflammation Other beneficial effects of fenugreek seeds Acknowledgments References 28 Functional and therapeutic applications of some general and rare spices Introduction Anise or aniseed Functional and therapeutic applications Asafetida Functional and therapeutic applications Bishop’s weed Functional and therapeutic applications Clove Functional and therapeutic applications Cumin Functional and therapeutic applications Fennel Functional and therapeutic applications Saffron Functional and therapeutic applications Star anise Functional and therapeutic applications Sweet flag Functional and therapeutic applications Vanilla Functional and therapeutic applications Discussion Conclusion References Section 7 Probiotics and prebiotics and microbiome 29 Beneficial effects of cinnamon on cardiovascular risk factors and type 2 diabetes Introduction Chemical composition Medicinal uses of cinnamon Comments References Further reading 30 Novel prebiotics and next-generation probiotics: opportunities and challenges Introduction Possibilities for altering adverse trends The human alimentary tract Prebiotic concept: influence of gut flora and health benefits Modulation of the colon microbiota by dietary prebiotics Total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber Inulin-type fructans Beta-glucan Cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses Xylooligosaccharides Galactomannans Resistant starch Pectin Gum arabic Human milk oligosaccharides as prebiotics Enzyme formulations projected toward human milk oligosaccharides manufacturing Synthetic lactulose Isomaltooligosaccharides Glucooligosaccharides Galactooligosaccharides Mushroom polysaccharides Prebiotic properties of mushroom polysaccharides Mushrooms polysaccharides and immunological activities Antitumor properties Marine seaweed polysaccharide biofunctionality for a healthy gut Laminarin Alginate Fucans/fucoidans The beneficial effect of prebiotics on health Prebiotic impact on the gut microbiota Prebiotics and obesity Prebiotics as dietary modulators in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases Prebiotics modulation of immune function Prebiotics in controlling cancer Prebiotics and anxiety Probiotics Traditional probiotics Next-generation probiotics (NGP) Akkermansia muciniphila Bifidobacterium Breve M-16V [M-16V] Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Cocktails of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa Prebiotics and probiotics in the management of obesity Conclusion and future research References 31 Effect of lysed Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 as a tyndallized probiotic in allergic diseases Introduction Animal experiments Clinical evidence Conclusion References Section 8 Bee products 32 The bee propolis for preventing and healing non-communicable diseases Introduction What is propolis? Chemical and nutrient composition of propolis Propolis as an antioxidant and immunomodulator Propolis and diabetes Propolis and renal diseases Propolis and hypertension and cardiovascular diseases Propolis and cancer Conclusion References 33 Nutraceutical and medicinal properties of native stingless bees honey and their contribution to human health Introduction Native stingless bee honey Physicochemical characteristics of native stingless bee honey Physical characteristics of native stingless bee honey in Yucatan Chemical characteristics of native stingless bee honey in Yucatan Humidity Acidity Total reducing sugars Glucose and sucrose Medicinal properties Chemoprevention Antiinflammatory properties Antibacterial and antifungal properties Healing Dietary supplement Conclusion Acknowledgment References Section 9 New approaches in food development 34 Genetically modified organisms and foods: perspectives and challenges Introduction Probable risks of making use of genetically modified products Environmental risks Hazards to human well-being Resistance to antibiotics Benefits of using genetically modified products Appetite elimination Economic benefits Insect resistance Nematode resistance Resistance to herbicides Cold resistance Heat resistance Basic concepts related to genetically modified products The notion of substantial equivalence The precautionary principle The safeguard clause The Cartagena Protocol Marking of genetically modified products Moral concerns Morals and the environment Ethics and intellectual property rights Patenting genetically modified organisms Conclusion References Section 10 Nutrition, NCDS and brain dysfunction 35 Circadian disruption and metabolic disease risk Introduction Internal circadian desynchronization resulting from competing synchronizers Circadian rhythm amplification by caloric restriction and time-restricted feeding Circadian rhythm alterations associated with metabolic dysfunction Clock genes and nutrient-sensing pathways Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 36 Anticancerous compounds in fruits, their extraction, and relevance to food Introduction Fruits and phytochemicals Mechanism of phytochemicals in reducing the risk of cancer Extraction techniques for anticancer compounds from fruits Ultrasound-assisted extraction Enzyme-assisted extraction Microwave-assisted extraction Pulsed electric field–assisted extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Pressurized liquid extraction High hydrostatic pressure extraction Solid-phase extraction Ionic liquid–assisted extraction Methods of application of anticancer compounds in food Microencapsulation Spray drying Spray cooling or spray chilling Fluidized bed coating Lyophilization Coacervation Supercritical fluid technology Liposome entrapment Emulsion-based processes Molecular inclusion Nanoencapsulation Application of fruit extracts as anticancer agents Mechanism of action of nanoparticles Conclusion Acknowledgments References 37 Antioxidant diets and functional foods attenuate dementia and cognition in elderly subjects List of abbreviations Introduction Overview of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases Role of nutrition in the attenuation of dementia and cognition Influence of specific nutrients to protect against neurodegenerative diseases Ginkgo biloba Curcumin Polyphenolic compounds Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Tryptophan Role of probiotics and prebiotics in the improvement of memory and cognition Multivitamins and trace elements Dietary pattern for improving dementia and cognition Mediterranean diet Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet Mediterranean + dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay diet Physical activity Discussion and conclusion References 38 The role of modified Mediterranean neuroprotective diet on emotion, cognition, and depression Introduction Burden of psychological disorders Risk factors and protective factors in mental disorders Nutrition in psychological disorders Diets for cognition and dementia Mediterranean-style diets and cognition Association of diets with depression Association of micronutrients intake with depression Polyphenols in psychological disorders and dementia The modified Indo-mediterranean neuroprotective diet and emotions The Singh and Wilczynska hypothesis on emotions The theories of emotions Regenerative therapies for emotion, depression, and cognition Prayer, meditation, and yoga Mechanisms Guidelines for prevention of mental disorders Future research Acknowledgments References Further reading Section 11 Antioxidants in functional foods 39 Role of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and spices in the management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders Introduction Complications associated with metabolic syndrome Insulin resistance Abdominal obesity Dyslipidemia Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Categories of nutraceuticals and their marketed products Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics Dietary fibers Herbs and spices Macronutrients Vitamins and minerals Impact of nutraceuticals in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders Antioxidant nutraceuticals Vitamin C Vitamin E Alpha-lipoic acid Plant extracts used in the management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders Trigonella foenum-graceum Camellia sinensis Cinnamomum cassia Murraya koenigii Punicagranatum Lagenaria siceraria Emblica officinalis Vigna mungo Momordica charantia Lagerstroemia speciosa Phytochemical compounds used in the management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders Betanin Curcumin Capsaicin Conjugated linoleic acid Polyunsaturated fatty acids Berberine Psyllium fibers Nutraceuticals of animal origin used for the management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders L-carnitine Bovine colostrum Discussion Conclusions and future directions References 40 Nutraceuticals as a natural alternative for preventive and proactive health care Introduction Categories and subcategories of nutraceuticals Future prospects for nutraceuticals Global nutraceutical market Nutraceutical market in India Nutraceuticals from medicinal herbs Scientific validation of medicinal herbs for nutraceuticals Scientific validation model Nutraceuticals in the management of key diseases Cardiovascular diseases and heart health Diabetes Brain health and aging Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Obesity Cancer Osteoarthritis Eye disorders Immunity disorders Gastrointestinal health Gang-deviant behavior in adolescents and psychosocial health Evidence-based nutraceuticals with researched dose from Nutra-V Inc. as examples of natural alternatives Regulatory guidelines India United States European Union China Japan Discussion and conclusion Acknowledgments References 41 International food security directed toward older adults: an overview Introduction Definitions International Food security Older adults Feeding/food Overview Background Scope Food access Cause and effect of food insecurity Sociodemography Food intervention and health Use of satellite technology in production and consumption Traditional plants and diets Near-horizon advances for the 21st century Results Food security in developing countries Brazil Chile China Costa Rica Ecuador Ghana India Iran Mexico The Middle East Mozambique Nepal Pakistan Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Food security in developed countries Australia Canada Canada and France joint study: older population The former Soviet Union Japan Korea Portugal Singapore Switzerland The United Kingdom The United States Food insecurity and homelessness General Homelessness in the United Kingdom Homelessness and mental health in Canada Homelessness and depression in families in Paris Homelessness in the United States HIV Food security and homelessness: the worst medical control Food risk and health insecurity in Rhode Island Discussion Conclusion Author contributions References Section 12 Eating disorders 42 New choices of functional foods for modification of eating habits of children for prevention of non-communicable disease... Introduction Transition of eating history and food palatability Unfavorable diet in lunch in kindergartens Strategies to change frequencies of the ingredients for young children Conclusion References Section 13 Nutraceuticals 43 Vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases Introduction Antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress Role of nutraceuticals in the prevention of cell damage Epidemiological evidence Effects of nutraceutical folic acid on stroke risk Effects of nutraceutical folic acid on cardiovascular diseases risk Effects of B-complex vitamins on stroke risk Comments Individual vitamins and minerals Vitamin A and C Vitamin E and selenium Beta-carotene and folic acid Acknowledgments References 44 Polyphenolics and flavonoids in health and diseases Introduction Antioxidants in the prevention of cell damage Polyphenolics and flavonoids Types of polyphenols Beneficial effects of polyphenols and flavonoids Mechanism of action of flavonoids Effects of polyphenolics and flavonoids on mortality Effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular diseases Effects of flavonoids in hypertension Effects of flavonoids on cardiometabolic risk factors Effects of polyphenols on diabetes Effects of polyphenols and flavonoids on cancers Randomized, controlled trials Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid/flavonoid ratio on cardiovascular diseases Effects of flavonoid intake and bioavailability Selection of flavonoids for therapy Limitations Acknowledgments References 45 Interactions of bioflavonoids and other polyphenolic-type nutraceuticals with drugs Introduction Interactions in general Polyphenols, bioflavonoids, and main sources: a brief overview Other polyphenolic-type compounds frequently used in nutraceuticals Flavonolignans Catechins The main mechanisms of herbs and dietary supplements–drug interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions Absorption Distribution and drug transport Metabolism Excretion Pharmcodynamic interactions Conclusions from the demonstrated examples The physiological and therapeutic impact of herbs and dietary supplements–drug interactions Summary References 46 Cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals derived from marine origin Introduction Marine source a rich source of functional foods and nutraceuticals Functional foods from marine source Nutraceuticals from marine sources Nutraceuticals as cardioprotective and neuroprotective agents Cardioprotective activity Neuroprotective activity Supplements Omega-3 fatty acids Phenolics Polysaccharides and carbohydrates Discussion Conclusion References Section 14 Nutrients for metabolic diseases 47 Coenzyme Q10 in the pathogenesis and prevention of metabolic and mitochondrial non-communicable diseases Coenzyme Q10 Frederick Loring Crane, the discoverer of coenzyme Q10 Characteristics of coenzyme Q10 Sources of coenzyme Q10 Biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10: endogenous source Exogenous sources and absorption of coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 as dietary supplement Functions of coenzyme Q10 Chronobiology of coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 analysis Determination of coenzyme Q10 in whole blood and plasma Determination of coenzyme Q10 in isolated human platelets Determination of coenzyme Q10 in human skeletal muscle biopsy Diagnostic significance of coenzyme Q10 Metabolic mitochondrial non-communicable diseases and coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 in prevention and development of mitochondrial cardiovascular diseases and statin-induced mitochondrial myopathy Coenzyme Q10 in prevention and development of mitochondrial diabetes Coenzyme Q10 in prevention and development of mitochondrial cancers Coenzyme Q10 in the prevention and development of mitochondrial chronic kidney diseases Conclusion References 48 Plants of the genus Annona: Source of potential anti-cancer therapeutics Introduction Family Annonaceae, genus Annona Annona atemoya Annona bullata Annona cherimola (cherimoya, custard apple) Annona crassiflora (araticum) Annona glabra (pond apple) Annona glauca Annona jahnii Annona montana Annona muricata (soursop or graviola) Annona reticulata Annona senegalensis Annona squamosa (sugar apple) Conclusion References Section 15 Amino acids, cortisol and hydrogen 49 Molecular hydrogen as a nutraceutical for extending the health span Introduction Human research progression Amelioration of age-related markers and stressors Sirtuins Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Inflammatory markers Regulation of redox status Regulation of autophagy Relevance in human diseases Cancer Radiation damage Metabolic disorders Neurological disorders Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Emergency medicine Exercise performance and protection from exercise-induced stress Rescuing effects from toxicity Adverse events Safety Commercially available options Conclusion Acknowledgments Glossary References 50 Nutraceuticals to decrease cortisol and hyperglycemia Introduction Tetrahydrocannabivarin Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Tribulus terrestris Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Urtica dioica (common nettle) Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Momordica charantia (bitter melon) Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Coccinia indica Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Salvia officinalis Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Artichoke Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Chamomile Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Sumac bran Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Citrullus colocynthis Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Cardamom Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Chicory Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Schisandra Effect on cortisol Effect on glucose Carob Effect