Functional biomaterials : design and development for biotechnology, pharmacology, and biomedicine. Volumes 1 & 2

This book merges the two most important trends in biomaterials: functionalization and renewable chemistry. It covers a variety of biopolymers and various approaches for the transformation of these biopolymers into functional units. Sample topics covered by the two well-qualified authors include: Fundamental knowledge of biopolymers–natural ones, such as cellulose and other polysaccharides, and synthetic ones, such as polyethylene. The origin, classifications, chemical nature, and isolation methods of specific biopolymers. The different classical and modern approaches for the transformation of biopolymers into different shapes, ranging from thin films (model surfaces), to nanoparticles, to nanofibers, all the way to 3D scaffolds. The morphology, structure, shape, thermal, electrical, and surface properties of biomaterials. This all-inclusive reference guide, which covers fundamentals, methods, and applications alike, is a key resource for both students and practicing scientists involved in programs of study or disciplines that intersect with the field of biomaterials. Cover Half Title Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. Volume 1 Copyright Content: Volume 1 Preface 1. Definitions and Types of Microbial Biopolyesters and Derived Biomaterial 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Biopolymers as Bioinspired Alternatives 1.2.1 Defining “Bioplastics” Is No Trivial Task! 1.2.2 Biodegradability of PHA and Other Biopolymers 1.2.3 PHA as Versatile Microbial Biopolyesters – Fields of Actual and Potential Applications 1.2.4 PHA Granules Are More than Simple Bioplastic Spheres 1.2.5 A Short Overview of the Metabolism of PHA Biosynthesis and Degradation 1.3 Types of PHA Biopolyesters 1.3.1 The “PHAome” Describes the High Complexity and Versatility of Natural PHA 1.3.2 PHA Homo- and Heteropolyesters 1.3.3 Scl-, Mcl-, and Lcl-PHA and Their Characteristics 1.3.4 Microstructure of PHA Heteropolyester 1.3.5 Factors Determining the Molecular Mass of PHA 1.4 Conclusions References 2. Analysis of Chemical Composition of Biopolymers and Biomaterials: An XPS Study 2.1 Basics of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 2.1.1 Peak Fitting 2.2 Chemical Derivatization 2.3 Some Further Examples of XPS Analyses of Complex Organic Systems 2.4 Charging 2.5 Background Information 2.6 Angle-Resolved XPS (ARXPS) 2.7 Functional Coatings on Polymers 2.8 Practical Considerations Acknowledgments References 3. Methods for Characterization of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Biomaterials 3.1 Introduction to Thermal Analysis Techniques 3.1.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 3.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 3.1.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 3.1.4 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy 3.2 The Significance of Thermal Analysis in Biopolymers 3.3 Applications of Thermal Analysis in the Characterization of Biopolymers 3.3.1 Characterization of the Thermal Stability of Biopolymers 3.3.2 Characterization of the Glass Transition of Biopolymers 3.3.3 Characterization of the Secondary Relaxations in Biopolymers 3.3.4 Characterization of Moisture from Hydrogels 3.3.5 Characterization of Electrical Conductivity 3.4 Conclusions References 4. Methods for Characterization of Surface Charge and Solid–Liquid Interaction Studies of Biomaterials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Surface Charge Characterization of Biomaterials 4.2.1 Potentiometric Titration 4.2.2 Zeta Potential 4.2.3 Application of the Zeta Potential for Biomaterial Characterization 4.3 Methods for Characterization of Solid–Liquid Interaction of Biomaterials 4.3.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Surface Plasmon Resonance 4.3.2 Zeta Potential Measurements as a Tool to Study Solid–Liquid Interactions of Biomaterials References 5. Methods for Analyzing the Biological and Biomedical Properties of Biomaterials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fundamentals of Cell Biology as a Base for Testing 5.3 In Vitro Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials 5.3.1 Cytotoxicity Tests 5.3.2 Cell–Material Interaction Tests 5.3.3 Hemocompatibility Tests 5.3.4 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing 5.3.5 Monitoring Intracellular Activities 5.3.6 Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Culture Systems 5.3.7 High-Throughput Screening Systems 5.4 In Vivo Methods for Analyzing Biomaterials 5.4.1 Sensitization, Irritation, and Intracutaneous Reactivity 5.4.2 Biodegradation 5.4.3 In Vivo Genotoxicity 5.4.4 Systemic Toxicity 5.4.5 Implantation 5.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives References 6. Polysaccharide Thin Films – Preparation and Analysis 6.1 Biopolymer Thin-Film Preparation 6.1.1 Direct Preparation of Cellulose Films 6.1.2 Indirect Preparation of Cellulose Films from a Soluble Derivative 6.2 Characterization of Biopolymer Thin Films 6.2.1 Surface Morphology 6.2.2 Thin-Film Thickness 6.2.3 Elemental Composition 6.2.4 Functional Groups and Hydrogen-Binding Patterns 6.2.5 Wettability 6.2.6 Surface Charge 6.2.7 Thin-Film Structure 6.2.8 Swelling and Adsorption Behavior 6.3 Conclusion References 7. Biopolymer Thin Films as “Smart” Materials in Biomedical Applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Frequently Used Biopolymers 7.2.1 Cellulose 7.2.2 Starch 7.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 7.2.4 Alginate 7.2.5 Gelatin 7.2.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 7.2.7 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 7.2.8 Biopolymer Composites 7.3 Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymer Thin Films 7.3.1 pH-Responsive Biopolymers 7.3.2 Thermo-Sensitive Biopolymers 7.3.3 Redox-Sensitive Biopolymers 7.4 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers 7.4.1 Drug-Delivery Systems 7.4.2 Wound-Healing Materials 7.4.3 Bioactive Coatings for Medical Devices and Implants 7.4.4 Bioelectronics (Biocomposites) 7.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 8. Biopolymer-Based Nanofibers – Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Different Strategies of Nanofiber Development 8.2.1 Drawing 8.2.2 Template Synthesis 8.2.3 Phase Separation 8.2.4 Self-Assembly 8.2.5 Electrospinning 8.3 Biopolymers 8.3.1 Chitosan Nanofibers 8.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 8.4 Characterization Techniques 8.4.1 Morphological Analysis 8.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 8.4.3 Mechanical Characterization 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Tissue Engineering 8.5.2 Drug Delivery 8.5.3 Wound Healing 8.5.4 Biosensors 8.6 Conclusions References 9. Formation of Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Application 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nanoparticle Formation 9.2.1 Nanoprecipitation by Dropping Technique 9.2.2 Dialysis 9.2.3 Emulsification–Evaporation 9.2.4 Miscellaneous Nanoparticle Formation 9.3 Interaction with Cells 9.3.1 Cellular Uptake 9.3.2 Nanospheres of Organo-Soluble 6-Deoxy-6-(ω-Aminoalkyl) Amino Cellulose Carbamates 9.4 Release Mechanisms 9.5 Examples in Therapeutics and Diagnostics References Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine. Volume 2 Copyright Contents: Volume 2 10. Advanced Methods for Design of Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culturing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General Considerations in Tissue Engineering 10.2.1 3D Cell Culture 10.2.2 Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering 10.2.3 Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering 10.2.4 Definitions and General Terminology 10.3 Building Scaffolds 10.3.1 Techniques Without Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing 10.3.1.1 Phase Separation 10.3.1.2 Foaming 10.3.1.3 “Textile” Methods 10.3.1.4 Electrospinning 10.3.1.5 Ultrasound Patterning 10.3.1.6 Decellularized Tissues and Organs 10.4 Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing 10.4.1 Subtractive Manufacturing 10.4.2 Additive Manufacturing 10.5 Challenges and Future Outlook References 11. Methods and Challenges in the Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Application 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Conventional Methods for 3D Scaffold Engineering 11.2.1 Fluid-Based Technologies 11.2.2 Textile Technologies for 3D Scaffold Engineering 11.2.3 Hydrogel Scaffolds Fabrication 11.2.4 Self-Assembly Methods 11.2.5 Microsphere-Based Scaffolds Fabrication 11.3 Advanced Fabrication Methods – Solid Freeform Fabrication 11.3.1 Stereolithography 11.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering 11.3.3 Nozzle-Based Deposition Techniques 11.3.4 Indirect Rapid Prototyping 11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 12. Solvent-Casting Approach for Design of Polymer Scaffolds and Their Multifunctional Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Solvent-Casting Technology 12.2.1 Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching 12.2.2 Surface Modification of Solvent Casted Films 12.2.3 Degradation of Solvent Cast Films 12.2.4 Porosity of Solvent Cast Films 12.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solvent Cast Films 12.2.6 Applications of Solvent-Cast Films 12.3 Conclusions References 13. Freeze-Casted Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Principle of Freeze-Casting 13.1.2 Special Types of Freeze-Casting 13.2 Freeze-Casted Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine 13.2.1 (Nano)cellulose Scaffolds 13.2.2 Gelatin Scaffolds 13.3 Summary and Outlook References 14. Polysaccharide-Based Stimuli-Responsive Nanofibrous Materials for Biomedical Applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Stimuli Responsiveness in Polysaccharides 14.3 Nanofibrous Materials and Electrospinning 14.3.1 Taylor Cone Formation 14.3.2 Polymer Jet Formation 14.3.3 Parameters Affecting Electrospinning Process 14.4 Needleless Electrospinning 14.5 Electrospinning Techniques for Preparation of Stimuli-Responsive Nanofibers 14.5.1 Blend Electrospinning 14.5.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 14.5.3 Emulsion Electrospinning 14.6 Stimuli-Responsive Polysaccharide-Based Nanofibrous Materials for Wound Dressing Application 14.7 Conclusions References 15. Cells Responses to Surface Geometries and Potential of Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds 15.1 Introdaction 15.2 Electrospinning 15.3 Surface Geometry and Typical Cell Responses 15.4 Surface Potential Importance and Typical Cell Responses 15.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Biopolymer Beads for Biomedical Applications 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Agarose 16.2.1 Agarose Beads Preparation and Applications 16.3 Cellulose 16.3.1 Cellulose Beads Preparation and Applications 16.4 Alginate 16.4.1 Alginate Beads Preparation and Applications 16.5 Chitin and Chitosan 16.5.1 Chitin and Chitosan Beads Preparation and Applications 16.6 Conclusion and Outlook References 17. Recent Advances in 3D Printing in the Design and Application of Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Fundamental Principles of the 3D Bioprinting Process 17.2.1 Preprocessing: The Design of Scaffolds with Tissue- and Organ-Level Complexity 17.2.2 Processing 17.2.3 Postprocessing 17.3 Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting Approaches and Their Application 17.3.1 Stereolithography 17.3.2 Droplet-Based Bioprinting 17.3.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting 17.3.4 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting 17.3.5 Combining Multiple 3D Bioprinting Approaches 17.3.6 4D Bioprinting 17.4 Materials Used in 3D Bioprinting 17.4.1 Combining Materials 17.5 Designing the Ideal Bioink 17.5.1 Biocompatibility 17.5.2 Printability 17.5.3 Biomimicry 17.5.4 Physicochemical Properties 17.6 Application of 3D Bioprinting for the Fabrication of Tissues and Organs 17.6.1 Skin 17.6.2 Heart 17.6.3 Bone 17.6.4 Cartilage 17.7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Index