Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs : Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion

__**Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion**__ brings together experts from around the world working on the cutting edge of research on fruit, vegetables, and herbs in health promotion. Offering a timely, concise, scientific appraisal of the efficacy of key foods to prevent disease and improve the quality of life, __**Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion**__ provides valuable evidence-based conclusions and recommendations. This reference text will encourage further research on the potential benefits of fruits and vegetables in health and disease prevention, providing a basis for possible dietary modifications by the government and the public. * Provides insight on bioactive constituents found in fruits and vegetables that can be further studied to improve health and disease resistance or incorporated into other food products and used as alternative medicines and dietary supplements * Includes valuable information on how fruits are important sources of bioflavonoids and nonnutritive bioactives that modify body functions * Offers a conclusion or summary of evidence at the end of each chapter to enhance understanding of new approaches in the field Front Cover......Page 1 Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Contributors......Page 18 Preface......Page 22 Acknowledgments......Page 24 1. Overview of Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs in Health......Page 26 1 Socioeconomic inequalities in fruit and vegetable intakes......Page 28 Overview of Evidence on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption......Page 29 Children......Page 30 Adolescents......Page 31 Older adults......Page 32 Mechanisms Underlying Socioeconomic Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption......Page 33 Social determinants......Page 34 Intrapersonal determinants......Page 35 Intrapersonal mediators......Page 36 Environmental mediators......Page 37 Intrapersonal, social, and environmental mediators......Page 38 Measures of socioeconomic position......Page 39 Understudied Populations......Page 40 Implications for Practice......Page 41 References......Page 42 Introduction......Page 48 The Industrial Processing of Frozen Vegetables......Page 50 Phenol Oxidizing Enzymes and Blanching......Page 52 Optimization of the Total Phenols Extraction and Analysis......Page 53 Comparison Among Vegetables: Spinach, Broccoli, and Green Beans......Page 54 Experimental Data Obtained in Our Laboratory......Page 56 Conclusions......Page 59 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 66 Description......Page 67 Pharmacological properties......Page 68 Antiinflammatory activity......Page 69 Description......Page 70 Pharmacological properties......Page 71 Traditional use......Page 72 Toxicological study......Page 73 Radical scavenging and antiacetylcholinesterase activities......Page 74 Description......Page 75 Toxicological study......Page 76 Antigenotoxic capacity......Page 77 References......Page 78 Introduction......Page 82 The Aging Body......Page 83 Fruits and Vegetables and Their Special Role in the Nutrition of the Elderly......Page 84 Fruits and vegetables as nutrient-rich, low-energy foods......Page 86 Antioxidants and bioactive plant components......Page 87 Dietary fiber......Page 89 Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Elderly Across Europe......Page 91 Factors Influencing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Elderly......Page 94 Conclusion......Page 95 References......Page 96 Introduction......Page 102 Flavonoids......Page 105 Kaempferol......Page 106 Rutin......Page 107 Quercetin......Page 108 Hesperidin......Page 110 Apigenin......Page 111 Baicalein......Page 112 Chalcones......Page 113 Aspalathin......Page 114 Isoliquiritigenin......Page 115 Amentoflavone......Page 116 Anthocyanins......Page 117 References......Page 118 Introduction......Page 130 Turmeric: The Golden Spice......Page 131 Molecular Targets of Curcumin......Page 132 What is epigenetics?......Page 134 Modulation of Epigenetics With Curcumin......Page 136 Curcumin and Histone Acetylation......Page 137 References......Page 141 7 Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents for inflammation......Page 146 Introduction......Page 147 Blocking the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines......Page 148 Inhibit ROS-generating enzyme activity/increasing ability to scavenge ROS......Page 149 Flavonoids......Page 150 Soy isoflavones......Page 151 Catechins......Page 152 Pycnogenol......Page 158 Anthocyanins......Page 159 Resveratrol......Page 160 Lipoic acid......Page 162 Linolenic acid......Page 163 Lupeol......Page 164 Astaxanthin......Page 165 References......Page 166 Introduction......Page 174 Cardiovascular disease/hypertension......Page 176 Metabolic syndrome and diabetes......Page 178 Cancer......Page 180 Kidney disease......Page 181 Vegetarian diets, inflammation, and the gut microbiota connection......Page 182 Metabolic disease and obesity......Page 183 Autoimmune disease......Page 184 References......Page 186 Introduction......Page 190 Macronutrients......Page 192 Saw palmetto......Page 193 Pygeum......Page 194 Race and Ethnicity......Page 195 Conflicting data......Page 196 References......Page 198 2. Fruit and Health and Diseases......Page 202 10 Advances in the study of the health benefits and mechanisms of action of the pulp and seed of the Amazonian palm fruit, .........Page 204 Açai Seed......Page 205 Açai Pulp of the Fruit......Page 212 Cardiovascular and Lipid Profile Studies......Page 215 Epigenetic Effects of Açai Pulp on Life Span Extension......Page 221 Açai Pulp, Transcription and Modulation of Immune Function......Page 224 Central Nervous System (CNS) and Brain Function......Page 228 Antiproliferative Effects......Page 233 Hepatic, Renal Function, and Liver Studies......Page 235 References......Page 238 Introduction......Page 246 Grape Phytochemistry......Page 247 Bioactivities of Grape Chemicals......Page 249 Grape seed extracts......Page 255 Resveratrol......Page 256 Oral Bioavailability of Grape Polyphenols......Page 258 Conclusion......Page 260 References......Page 261 Introduction......Page 264 Cell protection and antimutagenic activity......Page 266 Gut health......Page 270 Immune function and protection from infectious disease......Page 273 Cardiovascular disease......Page 278 Wound healing and skin......Page 280 Diabetes......Page 281 Kiwifruit allergies and other detrimental health effects......Page 282 Conclusion......Page 284 References......Page 285 Introduction......Page 296 Historic Uses of Cocoa Products......Page 299 Cardiovascular disease......Page 301 Antioxidant/antiinflammatory effects......Page 303 Neurocognitive function......Page 304 Advertised Health Benefits......Page 305 Conclusions......Page 309 References......Page 311 Introduction......Page 318 Pharmacology/Mechanism of Action......Page 319 Modulating risk and progression of atherosclerosis/coronary heart disease......Page 321 Modulation of serum lipids......Page 324 Blood pressure modulation......Page 325 Prostate cancer......Page 326 Exercise......Page 328 Dental health......Page 329 Discussion......Page 331 References......Page 333 Introduction......Page 338 Berries for High Blood Pressure......Page 339 Blueberries: Best for Blood Pressure......Page 340 Grapes......Page 343 Cranberries......Page 346 Black currants......Page 347 Crataegus berries with D-camphor......Page 348 Conclusions......Page 349 References......Page 350 3. Vegetables in Health and Diseases......Page 354 Historical Review of Taro......Page 356 Poi Preparation......Page 357 Medical Use Review......Page 358 Digestive disorders......Page 359 Failure-to-thrive......Page 362 Cancer inhibiting properties......Page 363 Summary Points......Page 365 References......Page 366 17 Bioactive potential of two wild edible mushrooms of the Western Ghats of India......Page 368 Mushrooms and Processing......Page 369 Flavonoids......Page 371 l-DOPA......Page 372 Hemagglutination......Page 373 Ferrous ion chelating capacity......Page 374 Data analysis......Page 375 Observations and Discussion......Page 376 Abbreviations......Page 383 References......Page 384 4. Herbs in Health and Diseases......Page 388 18 Nutrient profile, bioactive components, and functional properties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)......Page 390 Many Names......Page 391 Agronomy......Page 392 Nutrient Profile and Bioactive Components of Okra and Their Health Effects......Page 394 Dietary fiber......Page 395 Minerals in okra and their role in the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases......Page 398 Mechanisms by which potassium lowers BP......Page 399 Magnesium......Page 401 Manganese......Page 402 Vitamin C......Page 403 Folate......Page 404 Vitamin K......Page 406 Vitamin B1......Page 407 Vitamin B6......Page 408 Effects of processing pretreatments on nutrients......Page 409 Flavonoids......Page 410 Antiobesity, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive effects of quercetin......Page 411 Phytosterols......Page 416 Screening and extraction techniques for bioactive compounds......Page 418 Medicinal......Page 419 Food uses......Page 420 Okra Food Dishes......Page 422 Concluding Remarks......Page 423 References......Page 424 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in the United States......Page 436 Vegetarian Diets in the United States......Page 437 Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption......Page 440 Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption......Page 442 References......Page 444 Introduction......Page 448 Total Mortality......Page 450 Heart Disease and Stroke......Page 451 Type-2 Diabetes......Page 454 Weight Loss......Page 455 Colorectal Cancer......Page 456 Breast Cancer......Page 457 Stomach Cancer......Page 460 Kidney Cancer......Page 461 Other Cancer......Page 462 Inflammatory Diseases Mortality......Page 463 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 464 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Diseases Mortality......Page 465 Conclusions......Page 467 References......Page 468 Introduction......Page 476 Stages of Healing......Page 477 Vitamin C......Page 478 Vitamin E......Page 479 Zinc......Page 480 Honey......Page 481 Bromelain......Page 483 Achillea millefolium......Page 484 Arnebia densiflora......Page 485 Aloe vera......Page 486 References......Page 487 22 Curcumin in hepatic stellate cell activation in health......Page 490 Introduction......Page 491 Curcumin inhibits the growth and proliferation and activation of HSC in vitro......Page 492 Curcumin ameliorates HSC activation in animal models......Page 493 Curcumin suppresses accumulation of ECM......Page 494 Curcumin activates PPARγ signaling pathway in activated HSCs......Page 495 Curcumin blocks leptin signaling pathway in HSCs......Page 496 Curcumin suppresses TGFβ and TGFβ-R signaling pathway in activated HSCs......Page 497 Curcumin blocks insulin signaling and regulates intracellular glucose and its derivatives in activated HSCs......Page 498 Curcumin modulates lipid metabolism in HSCs......Page 500 Curcumin balances formation and degradation of ECM via distinctively regulating TIMPs and MMPs......Page 502 Conclusions......Page 503 References......Page 504 Introduction......Page 512 Aβ Oligomers Are the Main Therapeutic Targets for Preclinical AD......Page 514 Curcumin Displays Antioxidant Effects and can Inhibit Aβ Aggregations......Page 516 Keto–Enol Tautomerism of Curcumin Is a Key to Its Aβ-Binding Activity......Page 518 Curcumin and Neuroinflammation......Page 520 Animal Studies With curcumin......Page 521 Clinical Trials of Curcumin for AD......Page 523 New Approaches of Curcumin......Page 524 References......Page 525 Introduction......Page 532 Polymerization dynamics of microtubules......Page 533 Molecular-binding domains for anticancer drugs......Page 535 The vinca alkaloids......Page 536 Vinflunine......Page 537 Spongistatins......Page 538 Centaureidin......Page 540 Calvatic acid......Page 541 Paclitaxel......Page 542 Peloruside A......Page 543 Discodermolide......Page 544 References......Page 545 Introduction......Page 550 Ginger in Traditional Use......Page 552 Nutrient Composition......Page 553 Gingerol homologues......Page 554 Analgesic Effect......Page 559 Cardiovascular Effects......Page 561 Gastrointestinal Effects......Page 562 Effect on Migraine/Retinopathy......Page 564 Metabolism of Ginger......Page 565 Future Prospects......Page 567 References......Page 568 Introduction......Page 576 Herbs, spices, and plant extracts......Page 577 Simple phenols and phenolic acids......Page 585 Coumarins......Page 586 Alkaloids......Page 587 Mixtures......Page 588 Chemical components of EOs......Page 589 Uses of plant-origin antimicrobials......Page 590 Using natural antimicrobials against pathogens in liquid food models......Page 592 Using natural antimicrobials against pathogens in solid food models......Page 594 References......Page 596 Index......Page 604 Back Cover......Page 619

Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion brings together experts from around the world working on the cutting edge of research on fruit, vegetables, and herbs in health promotion. Offering a timely, concise, scientific appraisal of the efficacy of key foods to prevent disease and improve the quality of life, Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion provides valuable evidence-based conclusions and recommendations.

This reference text will encourage further research on the potential benefits of fruits and vegetables in health and disease prevention, providing a basis for possible dietary modifications by the government and the public.

• Provides insight on bioactive constituents found in fruits and vegetables that can be further studied to improve health and disease resistance or incorporated into other food products and used as alternative medicines and dietary supplements
• Includes valuable information on how fruits are important sources of bioflavonoids and non-nutritive bioactives that modify body functions
• Offers a conclusion or summary of evidence at the end of each chapter to enhance understanding of new approaches in the field

"Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion brings together experts from around the world working on the cutting edge of research on fruit, vegetables and herbs in health promotion. Offering a timely, concise, scientific appraisal of the efficacy of key foods to prevent disease and improve the quality of life, Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion provides valuable evidence-based conclusions and recommendations. This reference text will encourage further research on the potential benefits of fruits and vegetables in health and disease prevention, providing a basis for possible dietary modifications by the government and the public."--Page 4 of cover