Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Diabetes and Obesity: Volume 7

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Diabetes and Obesity is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of two metabolic diseases – diabetes and obesity. The scope of the series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs affecting endocrine and metabolic processes linked with diabetes and obesity. Reviews in this series also include research on specific receptor targets and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Diabetes and Obesity is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of diabetes and obesity research. The sixth volume of this series features 6 reviews which are informative guides to therapy and drug administration in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, for both the medical specialist and the pharmacologist. - The failing heart in diabetes with special emphasis on prevention- Flavonoids as prominent anti-diabetic agents- Chemosensor in glucose monitoring, advances and challenges - Synergistic drugs and polyherbal formulations for obesity: current status and future prospectives- Urge for herbal anti-diabetic medicines towards clinical and therapeutic implications- Curcuma longa as a dietary supplement and medication for diabetes mellitus: evidence from experimental studies Cover 1 Title 2 Copyright 3 End User License Agreement 4 Contents 1 Preface 10 List of Contributors 11 Clinical and Diagnostic Implications of Glycated Albumin in Diabetes Mellitus: An Update 13 Km Neelofar 2,*, Jamshed Haneef 1 and Farah Khan 2 13 INTRODUCTION 13 Non-enzymatic Glycation 14 Non-enzymatic Glycation in Diabetes 15 Human Serum Albumin 16 Albumin Structure Upon Glycation 18 Biological Properties of Albumin Upon Glycation 19 Immunological Properties of Albumin Upon Glycation 20 Glycated Albumin as a Diagnosis Marker 21 Glycated Albumin Measurements 23 CONCLUDING REMARKS 25 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 25 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 REFERENCE 25 Current Strategies of New Drugs for Diabetes Management 34 Maliha Sarfraz1,*, Rahman M. Hafizur2, Hayat Ullah3,*, Sanaullah Sajid4, Rana Waseem Akhtar5, Mamoona Noreen1, Shazia Perveen1 and Misbah Ullah Khan6 34 INTRODUCTION 35 CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS 37 Thiazolidinediones 37 Biguanide 38 Sulfonylureas 38 Meglitinides 39 SGLT2 Inhibitors 40 Insulin 40 Incretin Mimetics 42 COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF T2D 42 NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH ANTI-DIABETIC PROPERTIES 43 CURRENT AND FUTURE THERAPIES FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES 45 STEM CELL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 46 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DIABETES 48 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIABETES TREATMENT 49 CONCLUSION 50 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 51 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 52 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 52 REFERENCES 52 Diabetes Type II: Should Aspartame be a Concern? 60 Arbind Kumar Choudhary1 60 BACKGROUND 60 Aspartame and Weight Management 62 Aspartame and Glucose Intolerance 62 Aspartame and Insulin Resistance 64 CONCLUSION 65 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 65 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 65 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 65 REFERENCES 66 Mental Health, Adherence, and Self-Management Among Children with Diabetes 71 Beáta Erika Nagy1, Brigitta Munkácsi1 and Karolina Eszter Kovács2,* 71 INTRODUCTION 72 MENTAL HEALTH AND T1DM 72 Quality Of Health And Diabetes 72 Self-Rated Health In Diabetes 76 Illness Representations 77 FACTORS INFLUENCING ADHERENCE 78 Adherence In Adolescence 79 Factors Influencing Diabetes-Specific Adherence 81 The Characteristics Of The Illness And The Related Factors 82 Intrapersonal Factors 83 Interpersonal Factors 84 Environmental Factors 84 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MENTAL HEALTH, ADHERENCE AND DIABETES 85 Sample Characteristics 85 Experimental Group: Children Diagnosed With Type-1 Diabetes 86 Control Group 89 Applied Tools 90 Demographic Questions 90 The Creation of the Diabetes-Specific Adherence Questionnaire 90 The Factor Analysis Of The Questionnaire 91 Children Depression Inventory (CDI) [133] 93 World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WBI-5) [134] 93 Self-rated Health (SRH) [135] 93 Psychological Mood and Somatic Symptoms [136] 93 Satisfaction with Life, SWL-present (SWL-p) SWL-future (SWL-f), Cantril-ladder [137]; Life Evalution Index [138] 94 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, PedsQL Measurement Model [139, 140] 94 Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) [141] 95 Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [142] 95 Research Questions and Hypotheses 95 RESULTS 96 The General Description of Adherence 96 The Relationship Between Adherence and the Indexes of Mental Health 101 Psychological Factors Influencing Adherence 1 SUMMARY 112 Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Adherence 113 Psychological Factors Influencing Adherence 114 CONCLUSION 115 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 117 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 117 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 117 REFERENCES 117 Recent Trials on the Cardioprotective Effects of New Generation Anti-diabetic and Lipid-Lowering Agents 129 Omar M. Abdelfattah1,2, Ahmed Sayed3, Anas Al-Refaei3, Jasmin Abdeldayem4, Khaled Moustafa5, Nicholas Elias1 and Yehia Saleh6,* 129 INTRODUCTION 130 SODIUM/GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT2I) 140 History, Mechanisms, and Pleiotropic Effects of SGLT2i 140 Pivotal Clinical Trials Involving SLGT2i 141 Dual SGLT1/2 Inhibitors: The Next Step in the Evolution of SGLT2i? 143 INCRETINS 145 History of Incretins and their Mechanisms of Action 145 Safety and Efficacy of DDP-4i 146 Trials Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of GLP-1ras 148 Summary and Synthesis of the Literature on Incretins 151 INSULIN 154 A Historical Overview of the Discovery of Insulin 154 The Role of Glycemic Control In Outcome-optimization and a Discussion of Trials on Recent Insulin Formulations 154 ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS 157 THIAZOLIDINEDIONES 157 Comparison of the Different Novel Modalities and Critical Gaps in the Literature 159 LIPID-LOWERING THERAPIES STATINS 160 Historical Context and Foundational Trials (Pre-2010) 160 Contemporary Analyses and Trials (2010 and Onwards) 162 PCSK9 INHIBITORS 163 Rationale and Initial Discoveries 163 Trials Demonstrating LDL-Lowering Efficacy 164 Evidence of Clinical Efficacy and Reduction of Hard Outcomes 165 OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS 167 CONCLUSION 169 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 170 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 170 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 170 REFERENCES 170 Diabesity and the Kidney 180 Mohamed E. Elrggal1, Ahmed Elkeraie1,2, Sol Carriazo3, Hany Sawaf4, Si Yuan Khor5, Yasmine Elkeraie1, Issa Haddad5, Khaled Moustafa2 and Mohamed Hassanein6,* 180 INTRODUCTION 180 Epidemiology and Genetic Aspects Shared in Diabesity and Kidney Diseases 183 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Cross-linking Diabesity and Kidney Diseases 185 Obesity 185 Diabetes 186 Diabesity 188 Non-Pharmacological Management 190 A. Exercise 190 B. Dietary Therapy 190 C. Behavioral Modifications 191 Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Diabesity and Related Kidney Disease 191 ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICATIONS 192 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists 192 Liraglutide 193 Dulaglutide 194 Semaglutide 194 SGLT2 Inhibitors 196 Metformin 196 ANTI-OBESITY MEDICATIONS 197 Orlistat 197 Phentermine/topiramate 197 Naltrexone/bupropion 198 Surgical Options to Control Diabesity and Kidney Disease 199 Future Pipeline Treatment 202 Tirzepatide 202 Cotadutide 204 Amylin Analogs 204 Leucine/Metformin/Sildenafil Combination 205 CONCLUSION 205 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 205 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 206 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 206 REFERENCES 206 Subject Index 220 Back Cover 228 Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Diabetes and Obesity is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of two metabolic diseases diabetes and obesity. The scope of the series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs affecting endocrine and metabolic processes linked with diabetes and obesity. Reviews in this series also include research on specific receptor targets and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Diabetes and Obesity is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of diabetes and obesity research.The seventh volume of this series features 6 reviews on diabetes related topics for both medical specialists and pharmacologists.- Clinical and diagnostic implications of glycated albumin in diabetes mellitus.- Development of novel therapeutic groups and bioactive compounds from herbs for diabetes management- Aspartame as a sugar substitute- Mental health, adherence, and self-management among children with diabetes- Cardioprotective effects of new generation anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering agents- Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of diabesity Affective computing is an emerging field situated at the intersection of artificial intelligence and behavioral science. Affective computing refers to studying and developing systems that recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human emotions. It has recently seen significant advances from exploratory studies to realworld applications. Multimodal Affective Computing offers readers a concise overview of the stateoftheart and emerging themes in affective computing, including a comprehensive review of the existing approaches in applied affective computing systems and social signal processing. It covers affective facial expression and recognition, affective body expression and recognition, affective speech processing, affective text, and dialogue processing, recognizing affect using physiological measures, computational models of emotion and theoretical foundations, and affective sound and music processing. This book identifies future directions for the field and summarizes a set of guidelines for developing nextgeneration affective computing systems that are effective, safe, and humancentered.The book is an informative resource for academicians, professionals, researchers, and students at engineering and medical institutions working in the areas of applied affective computing, sentiment analysis, and emotion recognition.