مرزهای تحقیقات دارویی بالینی - اختلالات آلزایمر جلد: ۶

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders is a book series concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD) that causes dementia, or loss of brain function. The disease affects the parts of the brain that deal with memory, thought, and language. Chapters in each volume focus on (Alzheimer Disorders) drug research with special emphasis on clinical trials, research on drugs in advanced stages of development and cure for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders will be of particular interest to readers interested in drug therapy of this specific neurodegenerative condition and related brain disorders as the series provides relevant reviews written by experts in field of Alzheimer's Disease research. The sixth volume of this series features chapters covering critical discussions on AD management and new therapies. The topics reviewed in this volume include: - treatment of brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease with traditional medicine - stem cell strategies for the modeling and therapy of Alzheimer's disease - retinal neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease - biological mass spectrometry for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease …and more. CONTENTS 6 PREFACE 9 List of Contributors 10 The Treatment of Brain Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Can Traditional Medicines Help? 11 James David Adams* 11 INTRODUCTION 11 Anti-inflammatory Agents in AD 12 Risk Factors for Developing AD 13 Prevention of AD 14 Ceramide and AD 15 The Blood Brain Barrier and AD 16 Visfatin and AD 16 Traditional Plant Medicines for AD 16 The Modern Approach to Curing AD 21 CONCLUDING REMARKS 21 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 22 REFERENCES 22 Stem Cell Strategies for the Modeling and Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease 30 Haigang Gu* 30 1. INTRODUCTION 31 2. NEUROPATHOLOGY OF AD: KEYS TO DRUG DISCOVERY AND ANIMAL MODELS 33 The β-amyloid Hypothesis of AD 33 The Hyper-phosphorylated Tau Protein Hypothesis of AD 33 The cholinergic hypothesis of AD 34 2.1. Drug Discovery of AD 34 2.1.1. Treatment of Amyloid Pathology 34 2.1.2. Treatment of Tau Pathology 35 2.1.3. Treatment of Synaptic Dysfunction 35 2.1.4. Neurotrophic Factors (NTFs) 36 2.1.5. Cell Transplantation 37 2.2. Animal Models of AD 37 2.2.1. Transgenic Animal Models of AD 38 2.2.2. Selective Cholinergic Lesion Animal Models of AD 38 3. STEM CELLS AS USEFUL TOOLS FOR CELL TRANSPLANTATION, DRUG DISCOVERY AND AD MODELING 39 3.1. Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NP/SCs) 41 3.2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 42 3.3. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) 43 3.4. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs) 45 3.5. In Situ Generation of Neurons in the Brain 47 3.6. Modeling and Therapy of AD with Genome Editing 49 4. PERSPECTIVES 51 ABBREVIATIONS 52 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 53 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 54 REFERENCES 54 Retinal Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease 66 L. Guo1, M. Pahlitzsch#, 1, F. Javaid#, 1 and M.F. Cordeiro*, 1, 2 66 INTRODUCTION 67 THE RETINA – AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE BRAIN 67 VISUAL CHANGES IN AD 70 Visual Abnormalities 70 Pupil Abnormalities 71 RETINAL CHANGES IN AD 72 Retinal Histopathologic Abnormalities 72 Retinal in vivo Abnormalities 73 Retinal Nerve Abnormalities 73 Retinal Vasculature Abnormalities 76 Retinal Cellular Abnormalities – RGC Apoptosis 76 NON-RETINAL OCULAR CHANGES IN AD 78 AD-RELATED CHANGES IN RETINAL DISEASES 79 AD-related Changes in Glaucoma 79 AD-related Changes in AMD 81 TARGETING OF AMYLOID-ß IN TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA AND AMD 82 CONCLUSION 83 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 84 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 84 REFERENCES 84 Pathophysiology of Alzheimer Disease: Current Drug Therapy 97 Sumeet Gupta* and Vikas Jhawat 97 INTRODUCTION 97 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 98 HYPERTENSION AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 102 ROLE OF RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM (RAS) IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 102 GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND AD 104 TREATMENTS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 105 HERBAL DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AD 109 CONCLUSION 111 ABBREVIATIONS: 112 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 112 REFERENCES 113 Biological Mass Spectrometry for Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease 120 Hani Nasser Abdelhamid2,* and Hui-Fen Wu1,3,4,5,* 120 INTRODUCTION 121 Requirements of Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis 122 Application of Mass Spectrometry for Alzheimer's Disease 123 Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Alzheimer's Disease 128 Advantages and disadvantages of Mass Spectrometry 128 CONCLUSION 130 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 130 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 130 REFERENCES 130 The Structure-Activity Relationship of Melanin as a Source of Energy Defines the Role of Glucose to Biomass Supply Only, Implications in the Context of the Failing Brain 137 Arturo Solís Herrera* 137 INTRODUCTION 137 Basal Brain Energy Metabolism 148 The Role of Pyridine Nucleotides and the Abnormal Expression of Genes 152 REMARKS AND CONCLUSION 159 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 161 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 162 REFERENCES 162 Neuro-protective Properties of the Fungus Isaria japonica: Evidence from a Mouse Model of Aged-related Degeneration 164 Koichi Suzuki1,*, Masaaki Tsushima1, Masanobu Goryo2, Tetsuro Shinada3, Yoko Yasuno3, Eiji Nishimura3, Yasuo Terayama4, Yuki Mori5 and Yoshichika Yoshioka5 164 INTRODUCTION 165 IJE Improves Nerve Function in Aged Mouse Brain 166 1. Neuroprotective Effects of IJE 166 2. Histochemical Observation 169 3. Assessments of Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity 170 NMR Analyses in the I. Japonica Extract 172 1. Chemical Component of I. Japonica 172 2. Biologically Active Substances 175 3. NMR and Mass Study of Water Extract of I. Japonica 180 Visualization of the Physiological and Pathological Alterations in the Central Nervous System using MRI and MRS 181 1. Fine Imaging Using Ultra-high Field MRI 182 2. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 185 3. Brain Temperature Estimation Using MRS 188 CONCLUDING REMARKS 190 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 190 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 191 REFERENCES 191 SUBJECT INDEX 197