از خورشید: شفق‌های قطبی، طوفان‌های مغناطیسی، شعله‌های خورشیدی، پرتوهای کیهانی (انتشارات ویژه)

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Special Publications Series__. From the Sun demystifies auroras, magnetic storms, solar flares, cosmic rays and other displays of Sun-Earth interactions. The authors, all well-known figures in space science, explain how solar eruptions affect human technology and society in articles intended for the nonspecialist and adapted from __Eos, Transactions__, American Geophysical Union. One of the most appealing features is a comprehensive glossary of the terminology necessary to read almost any volume on Sun-Earth connections. Content: Title Page ......Page 1 Copyright ......Page 2 Contents ......Page 3 Preface ......Page 5 Aurora......Page 6 The Chapman-Ferraro Magnetosphere......Page 17 Dungey's Open Magnetosphere......Page 20 Magnetospheric Plasma Populations......Page 22 Magnetospheric Substorms......Page 24 Radiation Belts......Page 27 References......Page 32 Plasma Waves and Instabilities......Page 33 References......Page 38 The Ionosphere......Page 39 The Conducting Upper Atmosphere......Page 41 Sources of Ionospheric Electric Fields and Currents......Page 44 Inferences from Observations of Dynamo Effects......Page 45 Additional Reading......Page 48 1. New High-Altitude Electrical Phenomena......Page 49 2. Middle and Upper Atmospheric Flashes......Page 50 4. Mechanisms......Page 55 5. Current Research......Page 56 6. Concluding Remarks......Page 57 References......Page 58 Types of Solar Wind......Page 60 Magnetic Reconnection and Magnetic Storms......Page 63 An Interplanetary Example......Page 65 Future Space Physics Missions......Page 67 References......Page 68 Solar Flares......Page 70 Solar Energetic Particles......Page 71 Magnetic Storms......Page 72 Recommended Reading......Page 75 The Solar Wind......Page 76 Origin of the Solar Wind......Page 77 The High Latitude Solar Wind......Page 80 Outer Heliosphere and Termination Shock......Page 81 Reference......Page 82 Solar Flares......Page 83 Preflare Activity......Page 84 Flare Phenomena at the Sun......Page 86 Atomic Particle Acceleration......Page 87 Are Flares Necessary?......Page 89 Perspective on Future Research......Page 91 References......Page 92 Solar Flare Particles......Page 93 Large Solar Energetic Particle Events......Page 94 Solar Nonrelativistic Electron-3He-Rich Events......Page 99 Solar Energetic Particles Observed at the Sun......Page 101 References......Page 103 Solar Irradiance Variations and Climate......Page 104 Total Irradiance Variations......Page 105 Changes in Solar Convective Heat Flow......Page 109 Ultraviolet and Extreme Ultraviolet Flux Variations......Page 110 Observed Behavior......Page 113 Fluid Dynamic Properties......Page 115 Dynamo Theories......Page 116 Problems in Dynamo Theory......Page 118 References......Page 121 Cosmic Rays......Page 123 Galactic Cosmic Rays......Page 125 Structure of the Heliosphere......Page 126 Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays......Page 127 Acceleration of Cosmic Rays......Page 129 Cosmic Electrons......Page 130 References......Page 131 Discovery of ACRs......Page 133 The Origin of ACRs......Page 136 Exploring the Heliosphere with Anomalous Cosmic Rays......Page 137 SAMPEX Mission to Study ACRs in Depth......Page 139 References......Page 140 The Heliosphere......Page 142 The Interstellar Medium......Page 146 Present Understanding of the Heliosphere......Page 148 Termination Shock Distance......Page 149 Bibliography......Page 151 GLOSSARY......Page 152 APPENDIX: ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS......Page 170 Title Page 1 Copyright 2 Contents 3 Preface 5 Aurora 6 The Earth's Magnetosphere 17 The Chapman-Ferraro Magnetosphere 17 Dungey's Open Magnetosphere 20 Magnetospheric Plasma Populations 22 Magnetospheric Substorms 24 Radiation Belts 27 References 32 Plasma Waves and Instabilities 33 References 38 The Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere 39 The Ionosphere 39 The Conducting Upper Atmosphere 41 Sources of Ionospheric Electric Fields and Currents 44 Inferences from Observations of Dynamo Effects 45 Acknowledgment 48 Additional Reading 48 Red Sprites and Blue Jets: Transient Electrical Effects of Thunderstorms onthe Middle and Upper Atmospheres 49 1. New High-Altitude Electrical Phenomena 49 2. Middle and Upper Atmospheric Flashes 50 4. Mechanisms 55 5. Current Research 56 6. Concluding Remarks 57 References 58 Magnetic Storms 60 Solar Phenomena 60 Types of Solar Wind 60 Magnetic Reconnection and Magnetic Storms 63 An Interplanetary Example 65 Future Space Physics Missions 67 References 68 The Human Impact of Solar Flares and Magnetic Storms 70 Solar Flares 70 Solar Energetic Particles 71 Magnetic Storms 72 Recommended Reading 75 The Solar Wind 76 Origin of the Solar Wind 77 The High Latitude Solar Wind 80 Outer Heliosphere and Termination Shock 81 Reference 82 Solar Flares 83 Preflare Activity 84 Flare Phenomena at the Sun 86 Atomic Particle Acceleration 87 Are Flares Necessary? 89 Perspective on Future Research 91 References 92 Solar Flare Particles 93 Large Solar Energetic Particle Events 94 Solar Nonrelativistic Electron-3He-Rich Events 99 Solar Energetic Particles Observed at the Sun 101 References 103 Solar Irradiance Variations and Climate 104 Total Irradiance Variations 105 Changes in Solar Convective Heat Flow 109 Observations of Sun-Like Stars 110 Ultraviolet and Extreme Ultraviolet Flux Variations 110 The Solar Dynamo 113 Observed Behavior 113 Fluid Dynamic Properties 115 Dynamo Theories 116 Problems in Dynamo Theory 118 References 121 Cosmic Rays 123 Galactic Cosmic Rays 125 The Heliosphere and Cosmic Rays 126 Structure of the Heliosphere 126 Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays 127 Acceleration of Cosmic Rays 129 Cosmic Electrons 130 References 131 Anomalous Cosmic Rays: Interstellar Interlopers in the Heliosphere and Magnetosphere 133 Discovery of ACRs 133 The Origin of ACRs 136 Exploring the Heliosphere with Anomalous Cosmic Rays 137 Trapped ACRs 139 SAMPEX Mission to Study ACRs in Depth 139 References 140 The Outer Heliosphere 142 The Heliosphere 142 The Interstellar Medium 146 Present Understanding of the Heliosphere 148 Termination Shock Distance 149 Bibliography 151 GLOSSARY 152 APPENDIX: ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS 170

From the Sun demystifies auroras, magnetic storms, solar flares, cosmic rays and other displays of Sun-Earth interactions. The authors, all well-known figures in space science, explain how solar eruptions affect human technology and society in articles intended for the nonspecialist and adapted from Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. One of the most appealing features is a comprehensive glossary of the terminology necessary to read almost any volume on Sun-Earth connections.