From the May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution : Guo Moruo and the Chinese Path to Communism

Why did China’s intellectuals turn to Communism? Reflecting on China’s encounters with modernity, Communism, and capitalism, Xiaoming Chen offers an explanation by using as a case study the life and work of influential Chinese writer Guo Moruo (1892–1978). Guo was dedicated to the May Fourth Movement, which sought to bring reform, republicanism, and modern Western ideas to China, but abandoned these ideals for Communism in the mid-1920s. While the hope of national salvation was a major factor in Guo’s conversion, Chen suggests other reasons, including a desire to save the whole world, a goal that was consistent with the traditional Confucian call to not only “manage the state” but also “harmonize the world.” Chen also argues that despite the collectivist and totalitarian outcome of the Chinese Communist movement, Marx’s initial promise of ultimate individual emancipation served as a major attraction to intellectuals like Guo, who came to view Marxist Communism as the most efficient and thorough way to fulfill their dream of individual freedom. The book covers Guo’s intellectual and personal transitions, how the fight against the Confucian family system became the Marxist emancipation of the individual from capitalism, and how the Confucian struggle against sexual desire ceded to a struggle against material desires. The various combinations of Western and Confucian thought that Guo adopted ultimately led to a synthesis of Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism. Contents 7 Illustrations 9 Acknowledgments 11 Introduction 13 1 Toward Individual Emancipation and Personal Moral/Spiritual Salvation 23 From the May Fourth Individualist Awakening to a Marxist Radical Approach to Individual Emancipation 43 A May Fourth Focus 53 Shifting the Focus 60 2 Toward National Salvation 65 3 Toward the Liberation of Mankind 83 The Cosmopolitan World and the Individual and the Cosmopolitan World and the Nation 91 The Cosmopolitanist Ideal and a "Mentality of Extremes” 93 The Means to Achieve the Ideal: Leftist Radicalism to Save the World? 94 Attracted to the Marxist Cosmopolitanist Ideal 98 Committing to Marxist/Leninist Revolution as the Means to Achieve the Cosmopolitanist Ideal 101 4 Toward a Solution to Modern Chinas Intellectual Crisis 103 A May Fourth Synthesis of the Best of the East and West as a Solution to the Intellectual Crisis 109 Redefining the Best of the East and West 110 The Formation of a Confucian/Marxist/Leninist Communist Synthesis 113 Conclusion 121 Notes 125 Bibliography 155 Index 163