From Quarks and Gluons to Quantum Gravity: Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics (Subnuclear Series)

In August/September 2002, a group of 78 physicists from 50 laboratories in 17 countries met in Erice, Italy, to participate in the 40th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The purpose of the School was to focus attention on the theoretical and phenomenological developments in gauge theories, as well as in all the other sectors of subnuclear physics. Experimental highights from the most relevant sources of new data were presented and discussed, including the latest news on theoretical developments in quantizing the gravitational forces.This volume constitutes the proceedings of the School. It is dedicated to the memory of Victor Frederick Weisskopf, a founder — together with John Stewart Bell, Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett and Isidor Isaac Rabi — of the “Ettore Majorana” Centre for Scientific Culture, this School being the first of its 114 Schools now in existence. Preface Contents Mini-Courses on Basics Lattice Field Theory and SU(N) Gauge Theories -- Michael J. Teper 1. Introduction 1.1 Why the lattice? 1.2 Why SU(N -> ∞) ? 2. Lattice calculations 2.1 Overview 2.2 From lattice to continuum 2.3 Example : the SU(3) mass spectrum 2.4 Glueballs: an aside about the 'real world' 3. The physics of SU(N) gauge theories 3.1 The confining string and its tension 3.2 The mass spectrum 3.3 k-strings 3.4 Some other results 4. Some final remarks References DISCUSSION I DISCUSSION II Symmetries and Quasi-Particles in Hot QCD -- Chris P. Korthals Altes 1. Introduction 2. Qualitative picture of the transition 2.1 A simple model of the transition 3. Global symmetries, order parameters and the phase transition in QCD 3.1 Universality 3.2 Z(N) symmetry 3.3 Wilson lines, Z{N) symmetry and the deconfining phase transition 3.4 Z(N) universality 3.5 Universality for large number of colours 3.6 The phase diagram of QCD 3.7 Chiral and Z(3) orderparameters in flavoured QCD 4. Canonical Z(N) symmetries in SU(N) gauge theory 4.1 Electric and magnetic fluxes 4.1.1 Electric fluxes 4.1.2 Magnetic fluxes 4.1.3 Behaviour of flux free energies in the confined phase 4.1.4 A simple property of electric and magnetic twisted partition functions 4.1.5 Behaviour of the partition functions in the hot phase 4.2 Breaking canonical Z(N) symmetry 4.3 Intrinsic Z(N) symmetry in 2+1 dimensional Yang-Mills 4.4 The fate of broken Z(N) at high temperature 5. Forces and screening in the plasma 5.1 Electric screening 5.2 An operator formalism as a bookkeeping advice 5.3 Screening of heavy magnetic charges 6. A quantitative method: perturbation theory and dimensional reduction 6.1 Integrating out the hard modes 6.2 Integrating out the electric screening scales 7. Dimensional reduction at work 7.1 Spatial Wilson loop and magnetic screening mass: a window on the magnetic sector 7.1.1 The magnetic screening mass 7.2 The Debye mass 7.3 Spatial 't Hooft loop 7.3.1 The strategy for computing ρ_k(T) 7.3.2 Effective potential for constant profile 7.3.3 Varying profile and gradient expansion 7.4 Pressure 8. Flux of quasi-particles as seen by spatial Wilson and 't Hooft loops 8.1 Gluon flux and the 't Hooft loop scaling law 8.2 Magnetic flux and k-scaling of the spatial Wilson loop 9. Epilogue 10. Suggestions for further reading Acknowledgements Appendix A: Free energy of heavy source and Wilson line average References DISCUSSION Physics of QCD Instantons -- E.V.Shuryak 1. Introduction 2. Instantons and chiral symmetries 2.1 The topological barrier and tunneling 2.2 Chiral symmetries and their breaking 2.3 The instanton liquid model 3. What instantons can do: a brief summary 4. Two-point correlation functions: τ decays 5. Three-point correlators: the pion form-factor 6. Instantons at large N_c 6.1 Naive counting and expectations 7. The RHIC puzzles 7.1 Two main puzzles 7.2 Theory Overview 8 Quantum mechanics of the glue, in vacuum and high energy collisions 8.1 The main idea 8.2 Turning states as a conditional minimum 8.3 Explosive behavior of the turning states 8.4 Are there topological clusters in pp collisions? 8. 5 Toward the semiclassical description of high energy collisions 9. Acknowledgments DISCUSSION I DISCUSSION II DISCUSSION III Erice Lectures on Confinement and Duality -- Matthew J. Strassler Contents 1. Confinement: an overview 1.1 Some preliminary questions 1.2 Confinement in pure Yang-Mills 2. Confinement of Magnetic Flux 3. Duality, Sources and Fluxes 3.1 Electric Sources and Fluxes 3.2 Magnetic Sources and Fluxes 3.3 Conclusion 4. Duality and Confinement 4.1 Duality and QCD 4.2 Seiberg duality for SO(N) gauge theories 4.3 Confinement or not? 4.4 Spinor sources from the dual point of view 4.5 Conclusion References DISCUSSION I DISCUSSION II Probing Grand Unification Through Neutrino Oscillations, Leptogenesis, and Proton Decay -- Jogesh C. Pati 1. Introduction And An Overview 2. MSSM Versus String Unifications: G(224) Versus S0(10) as Effective Symmetries 3. Link Between Fermion Masses and Neutrino Oscillations within a G(224)/ SO(10) Framework 4. Leptogenesis 5. Proton Decay: The Hallmark of Grand Unification 5.1 Preliminaries 5.2 Proton Decay Rate 5.3 Section Summary 6. Concluding Remarks References DISCUSSION Status of Super String Theory -- E. Verlinde DISCUSSION I DISCUSSION II Perturbative QUANTUM GRAVITY -- Gerard 't Hooft 1. Introduction 2. Divergences 3. The Wick Rotation 4. The Speculative Part of Quantum Gravity References DISCUSSION Proton structure and its flavor decomposition -- H. Abramowicz 1. Introduction 2. Deep Inelastic Scattering 3. Structure functions and QCD 4. Scaling violation in F_2 5. x dependence of parton distributions 6. Flavor content of the proton 7. Constraints from DIS data 8. Constraints from hadronic collisions 9. Summary of flavor decomposition 10. Gluons 11. Proton structure 12. Future Acknowledgements References DISCUSSION Experimental Highlights Selected Highlights from the First Heavy Ion Runs at RHIC -- Timothy J. Hallman References Highlights from Gran Sasso -- A. Bettini 1. Introduction 2. The Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) 3. The Search for Cold Dark Matter 4. The New Neutrino Physics 5. Neutrino masses from cosmology 6. An interlude on neutrino masses 7. Neutrino masses from double beta decay 8. Neutrinos from the Sun and their spectrum 9. Solar neutrinos experiments 10. Neutrinos from Supernovae 11. Laboratory neutrinos. CNGS, OPERA and ICARUS 12. Conclusions References DISCUSSION Experimental Highlights from Super-Kamiokande -- Y. Totsuka DISCUSSION The Fermilab Experimental Physics Program -- R. Tschirhart DISCUSSION New Talents Sessions Interpretation of the Search for Neutral Higgs Bosons at OPAL in a CP Violating MSSM Scenario -- Philip Bechtle 1. Introduction to a CP violating MSSM 2. The CP-Violating Benchmark Scenario 3. Contributing Search Channels 4. Interpretation of the Search Results within the CPX Scenario 4.1 Combination Method 4.2 Results 5. Summary References Application of the Large-N_c limit to a Chiral Lagrangian with Resonances -- Oscar Cata 1. Introduction 2. Chiral Perturbation Theory 3. Adding Resonances 4. Integrating out Resonances 5. The Large-N_c limit 6. Large-N_c applied to the model 7. An Example: L_{10} 8. Conclusions Acknowledgements References Towards the Finite Temperature GluonPropagator in Landau Gauge Yang-Mills Theory -- A. Maas 1. Introduction 2. Gluon and ghost propagator equations 2.1 Dyson-Schwinger equations 2.2 Gauge symmetry 2.3 Kugo-Ojima confinement criterion 3. Results at zero temperature 4. Extension to finite temperature 4.1 Formulation 4.2 Gauge symmetry 5. The high-temperature limit 5.1 Definition of the high-temperature limit 5.2 Comparison to three-dimensional Yang-Mills theory 6. Summary and outlook Acknowledgments References Hermes Measurements of the Nucleon Spin Structure -- J. Wendland 1. Introduction 2. Inclusive Spin Asymmetries 3. Semi-Inclusive Spin Asymmetries 4. Conclusion References DIPLOMAS AWARDS PARTICIPANTS Lattice Field Theory And Su(n) Gauge Theories / M.j. Teper -- Symmetries And Quasi-particles In Hot Qcd / C.p. Korthals Altes -- Physics Of Qcd Instantons / E.v. Shuryak -- Confinement And Duality / M.j. Strassler -- Probing Grand Unification Through Neutrino Oscillations, Leptogenesis And Proton Decay / J.c. Pati -- Status Of Super String Theory / E. Verlinde -- Perturbative Quantum Gravity / G. 't Hooft -- Proton Structure And Its Flavor Decomposition / H. Abramowicz -- Selected Highlights From The First Heavy Ion Runs At Rhic / T.j. Hallman -- Highlights From Gran Sasso / A. Bettini -- Experimental Highlights From Super-kamiokande / Y. Totsuka -- The Fermilab Experimental Physics Program / R. Tschirhart. Edited By Antonino Zichichi. Includes Bibliographical References. In 2002, a group of physicists from 17 countries met to participate in the 40th International School of Subnuclear Physics whose purpose was to focus attention on the theoretical and phenomenological developments in gauge theories. This volume constitutes the proceedings of the School.