From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays, 1965-1978 (Studies in Language Companion Series, V. 3)

'The period of 1965 to 1978 was an extremely productive time for U.S. (Russian born) Romance etymologist and philologist Yakov Malkiel whose specialty was the development of Latin words, roots, prefixes, and suffixes in modern Romance languages, particularly Spanish. Malkiel will be known as the great champion of etymology in linguistics as evidenced by several of the selected essays in From Particular to General Lingusitics. But here Malkiel also moves in several other subfields of linguistics and proves that whatever the subject of discussion is, it is characterized by a tenaciously comprehensive use of evidence.' Editorial page ......Page 3 Title page ......Page 4 Copyright page ......Page 5 Acknowledgements ......Page 6 Table of contents ......Page 8 GUIDE TO ABBREVIATIONS ......Page 12 FROM PARTICULAR TO GENERAL LINGUISTICS......Page 24 INTRODUCTION......Page 26 A. GENETIC LINGUISTICS......Page 44 LINGUISTICS AS A GENETIC SCIENCE......Page 46 B. HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS ......Page 70 HISTORY AND HISTORIES OF LINGUISTICS......Page 72 BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE......Page 105 C. CLUES AS TO DATING ......Page 108 The Method at Issue......Page 110 I. Preliminaries.......Page 117 II. The Normal Outcome of Latin traxī. ......Page 130 III. Paradigmatic Resistance to Sound Change: Old Spanish traxe. ......Page 132 IV. Innovative Formations.......Page 134 V. Patterns of Wavering.......Page 145 VI. Avoidance of the Preterite of traer.......Page 146 VII.Conclusion. ......Page 147 D. CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE ......Page 150 FACTORS IN THE UNITY OF ROMANIA......Page 152 E. DIFFUSION......Page 158 REVIEW ARTICLE......Page 160 REFERENCES......Page 172 F. LANGUAGE VS. THE REAL WORLD......Page 176 1. Preliminaries......Page 178 2. The crystallization of the problem......Page 180 3. The peak of the discussion......Page 184 4. A tentative conclusion......Page 194 A. General (in alphabetic sequence)......Page 195 B. Special (in chronological sequence)......Page 196 G. THE SOCIAL COMPONENT OF CHANGE......Page 200 I. HIGHLIGHTS OF EARLIER ANALYSES......Page 202 II. A NEW RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS ......Page 220 III. POSTVERBAL AGENTIVES ......Page 227 H. LEXICAL INDEPENDENCE VS. GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINT ......Page 238 EACH WORD HAS A HISTORY OF ITS OWN......Page 240 I. MULTIPLE CAUSATION......Page 250 MULTI-CONDITIONED SOUND CHANGE AND THE IMPACT OF MORPHOLOGY ON PHONOLOGY ......Page 252 REFERENCES......Page 271 I. SPANISH ADJECTIVES IN -IO......Page 274 II. THREE SUPPORTING EXAMPLES......Page 284 A. Alternation of [δ] and [r] in Hispano-Romance ......Page 285 B. Hypercharacterization of Gender......Page 286 C. Consonantal Dissimilation ......Page 288 THE FIVE SOURCES OF EPENTHETIC /J/ IN WESTERN HISPANO-ROMANCE: ......Page 292 I. SCOPE......Page 294 II. SOURCE A: LEARNED VS. VERNACULAR TRANSMISSION OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES ......Page 295 III. SOURCE B: EPENTHESIS AND HYPERCHARACTERIZATION OF GENDER ......Page 299 IV. SOURCE C : CONVERGENCE OF -ear AND -iar VERBS; IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPREAD OF THEIR BLEND ......Page 300 V. SOURCE D: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE HISPANO-ROMANCE DEVELOPMENT OF CONS. + /J/ ......Page 303 VI. SOURCE E: EPENTHESIS AND THE CONJUGATIONAL PARADIGM ......Page 306 VII. THE CONFLICTING REFLEXES OF -Ōriu, -ǔfiu, AND ŏriu ......Page 309 VIII. DIPHTHONGIZATION AND EPENTHESIS OF /j/ ......Page 311 IX. PATTERNS OF INTERFIXED /j/......Page 313 X. ADVERBS IN -(i)as AND PREPOSITIONS IN -(i)a ......Page 315 XI. INTERPLAY OF INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ......Page 317 XII. CONCLUSION ......Page 318 ON HIERARCHIZING THE COMPONENTS OF MULTIPLE CAUSATION......Page 320 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 340 J. ACCENTOLOGY AND PHONOLOGY......Page 344 1. Ascoli's "Law".......Page 346 2. Critique of Ascoli's "Law".......Page 350 3. Darmesteter's "Law".......Page 362 4. Germanic Pressure on Gallo-Romance Prosody? ......Page 365 EXCURSUS A: GENESIS AND SPREAD OF THE SEGMENTS ens-, enx- ......Page 368 EXCURSUS B: FROM OLD SPANISH eñader TO MODERN añadir (AND RELATED PROBLEMS) ......Page 375 ETIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ROMANCE DIACHRONIC PHONOLOGY......Page 384 I. The Change of Unstressed a, o into e before r in Florentine ......Page 385 1. Preservation and spread of a-. ......Page 386 2. Preservation and spread of e before r.......Page 387 4. The rôle of i as the unmarked vowel.......Page 388 II. An Elusive Pattern of Consonant Dissimilation in Italian.......Page 395 III. Choice of a Niche in a Sound System and Search for Causation.......Page 404 A. The Contrast cuatro ~ catorce. ......Page 406 B.The Loss of Ge,i-, (D)J-in Old Spanish. ......Page 408 C. Application to Composition and Suffixal Derivation in Spanish. ......Page 412 IV. Proliferation of Variants as a Co-Determinant of Sound Change? The Case of Old Spanish ç < DJ. ......Page 414 K. AFHXAL DERIVATION ......Page 420 1. The problem.......Page 422 2. Morphological analysis.......Page 423 3. Semantic analysis.......Page 428 4. Rival suffixes.......Page 429 5. Suffixal affinity.......Page 430 6. Glimpses of the historical perspective.......Page 431 THE DOUBLE AFFIXATION IN OLD FRENCH GENS-ES-OR, BEL-EZ-OR, OLD PROVENÇAL BEL-AZ-OR ......Page 434 THE RISE OF THE NOMINAL AUGMENTS IN ROMANCE GRAECO-LATIN AND TUSCAN CLUES TO THE PREHISTORY OF HISPANO-ROMANCE ......Page 442 1. The Start of the Discussion.......Page 443 3. C. Michaëlis de Vasconcelos' Excursus on '-aro. ......Page 445 4. Menéndez Pidal's First Attack on the Problem (1903-05).......Page 447 5. Menéndez Pidal's Second Attack on the Problem (1926). ......Page 450 6. Menéndez Pidal's Third Attack on the Problem (1952-53). ......Page 452 7. A Balance Sheet of the First Fifty Years of Discussion.......Page 456 8. Some Currently Conflicting Trends of Thought.......Page 458 9. Late Survival of -ulu, -ula? ......Page 459 10. A Side-Glance at Tuscan.......Page 464 11. Six Interweaving Strands.......Page 466 12. Two Sets of Conclusions.......Page 469 L.ETYMOLOGY......Page 472 II. The Specific Problem : Coalescence of Preposition (Prefix) and Noun. ......Page 474 III. Spanish ensueño vs. Its Central Romance Counterparts. ......Page 476 IV. Dial. (Jud.-Sp.) emberano 'summer'.......Page 480 V. Sp. Ptg. sombra, dial. (Ast.-Leon.) so-, se-lombra. ......Page 482 VI. Conclusion.......Page 494 PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY ETYMOLOGIES: THE THREE LEXICAL KERNELS OF HISPANIC SAÑA, ENSAÑAR, SAÑUDO ......Page 496 1. Some changes in scholarly climate......Page 520 2. Varying reactions of leaders from Whitney to Weinreich......Page 522 3. Etymology as an ineradicable ingredient of advanced diachronic linguistics ......Page 526 4. A desideratum: zigzag movements from etymology to straight linguistics ......Page 533 THE INTERLOCKING OF ETYMOLOGY AND HISTORICAL GRAMMAR(EXEMPLIFIED WITH THE ANALYSIS OF SPANISH DESLEIR) ......Page 536 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 556 DISCUSSION......Page 558 NOTES......Page 562 NOTES CONTACTS BETWEEN BLASPHĒMĀRE AND AESTIMĀRE ......Page 566 EXCURSUS: THE ETYMOLOGY OF HISP. TOMAR......Page 579 "Linguistics as a Genetic Science"......Page 582 "History and Histories of Linguistics"......Page 583 "Range of Variation as a Clue to Dating"......Page 586 "Review Article: Lexical Borrowings in the Romance Languages" ......Page 588 "Gender, Sex, and Size, as Reflected in the Romance Languages" ......Page 590 "Each Word Has a History of its Own"......Page 591 "Multi-Conditioned Sound Change and the Impact of Morphology on Phonology" ......Page 593 "Multiple Versus Simple Causation in Linguistic Change" ......Page 598 "The Five Sources of Epenthetic /j/ in Western Hispano-Romance" ......Page 600 "Conflicting Prosodic Inferences from Ascoli's and Darmesteter 's Laws" ......Page 602 "Etiological Studies in Romance Diachronic Phonology" ......Page 604 "One Characteristic Derivational Suffix of Literary Italian: -(T)AGGINE" ......Page 605 "The Double Affixation in Old French gens-es-or, bel-ez-or, Old Provençal bel-az-or" ......Page 606 "The Rise of the Nominal Augments in Romance"......Page 607 "Identification of Origin and Justification of Spread in Etymological Analysis" ......Page 608 "Etymology and Modern Linguistics''......Page 610 "The Interlocking of Etymology and Historical Grammar"......Page 611 "Contrasts Between blasphēmāre and aestimāre" ......Page 613 "Post-script" ......Page 614 INDEX OF NAMES......Page 616 SELECTIVE INDEX OF KEY TERMS......Page 630