From Hesiod to Saussure, From Hippocrates to Jevons: Volume III: Science Goes Vernacular (From Hesiod to Saussure, from Hippocrates to Jevons, 3)

This book is the third of a three-volume set introducing the history of scientific thought (including social and human science). The area covered in this volume is Western Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Combining general descriptions with extensive excerpts from original sources in English translation, it concentrates on ways of thinking and actual argumentation and not just on results and mistakes; questions of validity are primarily dealt with in the perspective of the time of the writing, not on that of the 21st century. The work is of great interest to historians of science and culture, students as well as seasoned workers – but also for amateurs willing to invest the necessary serious efforts. Contents 6 Introduction to volume III 8 Technicalities 9 THE 18th CENTURY AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT 11 The emergence of the public sphere 12 The Enlightenment movement and its staff 13 General themes and accomplishment 22 Philosophy redefined 26 The scientific institution and institutions 29 Natural sciences 32 Texts 39 Jean le Rond d’Alembert, Discours préliminaire to the Encyclopédie 39 Christian Wolff, Mathematisches Lexicon 46 Leonhard Euler, Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum 51 Carl von Linné, Oeconomia naturae and Oratio de telluris habitabilis incrementio 55 Peter Simon Pallas, Über die Beschaffenheit der Gebirge und die Veränderungen der Erdkugel 61 Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Mémoires sur la réspiration des animaux et sur les changements qui arrivent à l’air en passant par leur poumon 64 Julien Offray de La Mettrie, L’Homme machine 69 Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, L’Esprit des lois 75 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social 80 Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 90 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event 96 Étienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac, Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines 103 Of writing 105 Of the character of languages 106 THE 19th CENTURY 109 The institutionalization of unbounded research 110 The Prussian university reform and the humanities 116 The social triumph of 19th-century natural science 123 The triumphs of 19th-century natural sciences 124 “Positive knowledge” 131 Science popularized and popular science 135 Texts 140 Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Philosophie zoologique 140 Georges Cuvier, Discours sur les révolutions du globe 149 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 155 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species 162 Claude Bernard, De la Physiologie générale 170 Leopold von Ranke, Three prefaces 172 Karl Marx, Das Kapital I 178 Hippolyte Taine, Histoire de la littérature anglaise, “Introduction”  182 Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale 188 Friedrich Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staates 192 Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege 197 Niels Henrik Abel, Untersuchungen über die Reihe 205 Mary Somerville, On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences 208 William Thomson & Peter Guthrie Tait, Elements of Natural Philosophy 213 John Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy 222 John Tyndall, Address Delivered before The British Association Assembled at Belfast 232 W. Stanley Jevons, Theory of Political Economy 242 A BRIEF POSTLUDE 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 INDEX 265