From Colonialism to International Aid: External Actors and Social Protection in the Global South (Global Dynamics of Social Policy)

This open access volume addresses the role of external actors in social protection in the Global South, from the Second World War until today, analysing the influence of colonial powers, superpowers during the Cold War and contemporary donor agencies. Following an introduction to the analysis of external actors in social policy making in the Global South, the contributions explore which external actors were dominant in the decades after World War II, and how they shaped early and contemporary social protection making in developing countries. The latter half of the collection elucidates important players in the contemporary transnational social policy arena, such as donor organizations and international organizations, and critically evaluates the potential for and limits of the explanatory power of external actors in social protection making in the Global South, considering the relative contribution of external and domestic influences. By examining how transnational relationships and external actors have influenced the formation, development and transformation of social policies in the developing world, this collection will be an invaluable resource for scholars interested in social protection in the Global South from a range of disciplines. These include political science, social policy, and sociology, as well as historians of the welfare state, international relations scholars and scholars working on global and transnational social policy and development policy. Acknowledgments......Page 6 Praise for From Colonialism to International Aid......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 Notes on Contributors......Page 11 Abbreviations......Page 16 List of Figures......Page 20 List of Tables......Page 22 Part I: Introduction......Page 23 Introduction......Page 24 External Actors and Social Protection in the Global South: State of the Art......Page 28 External Actors from Colonialism to International Aid: Types, Strategies and Objectives......Page 31 Structure of the Book......Page 33 References......Page 36 Introduction......Page 40 Understandings of the Transnational: Finding Common Ground......Page 42 Transnational Actors and Social Protection......Page 46 From Context to Causation: Analyzing Transnational Actor Constellations......Page 52 Conclusion......Page 55 References......Page 57 Part II: The Influence of the Colonial Legacy and Cold War on Social Protection......Page 64 Introduction......Page 65 Burma and Malaysia: From British Colonies to Independent States......Page 69 The Western Actors and the Anti-Communist Strategies in South East Asia: Economic Development and Social Security......Page 74 The Local Actors and the Welfare Legislation: Hampering Communism and Building State Policies......Page 84 Conclusions......Page 91 References......Page 93 Introduction......Page 98 Theorizing International Influences on Domestic Social Policies: Differences Within British Colonial Social Policies......Page 100 Colonial Social Policies in Kenya and Tanganyika......Page 101 The Influence of Donors During Structural Adjustments Around the 1980s......Page 106 The Influence of Donors After 2000: The “Millennium Development Goals” (MDGs)......Page 109 Pension Policies......Page 112 Cash Transfers......Page 113 The Interplay Between External Actors and Domestic Factors in the Colonial Period......Page 117 International Donors and Their Interplay with National Factors......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 120 References......Page 122 Introduction: The Legacy of Colonialism on Social Protection......Page 127 Imperial Influence in the Making of the South African Welfare State......Page 132 Path Dependency and the Expansion of South Africa’s Welfare State......Page 135 External Actors, Drought Relief and State-Building in Botswana......Page 140 Path Dependency and the Institutionalization of Social Assistance in Botswana......Page 145 Conclusion......Page 147 References......Page 150 Introduction......Page 154 Colonialism and Social Policy......Page 158 British Colonization Strategy and Poor Law Tradition......Page 160 French Social Insurance Tradition......Page 162 Summary......Page 165 The Rise of Social Assistance in the Global South: Data and Methods......Page 166 Explaining the Existence of Social Assistance in the Global South......Page 169 Conclusion......Page 172 References......Page 174 Introduction......Page 178 Colonial Legacies in International Aid......Page 180 Policy Priorities: Social Protection......Page 181 Actor Constellations......Page 183 Contribution......Page 186 Data......Page 187 Analysis......Page 191 Discussion......Page 197 References......Page 199 Part III: The Influence of Donors on Social Protection......Page 203 Introduction......Page 204 Relevant Literature......Page 207 Theoretical Considerations......Page 210 Data......Page 213 Methodology......Page 218 Do Donors Promote Specific Types of Social Transfer Programs?......Page 219 Is Donor Involvement Associated with Specific Targeting Methods?......Page 224 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 228 References......Page 231 Introduction......Page 236 Explaining Welfare State Development......Page 238 Data and Methods......Page 241 Results......Page 247 Conclusions......Page 252 Appendix: Country List......Page 253 References......Page 254 Introduction......Page 259 Child Welfare Policy in Botswana......Page 262 Case 1: The Orphan Care Programme......Page 264 Case 2: Introduction of Cash Grant Versus Rationalization of the Food Basket......Page 271 Resistance to Proposals by Transnational Actors......Page 277 Conclusion and Implication of Findings......Page 279 References......Page 280 Introduction......Page 286 Strategies of External Actors......Page 288 Building Evidence......Page 289 Building Capacity......Page 291 Financial Support......Page 293 Policy Support......Page 296 External Actors and Social Protection in Zimbabwe......Page 299 Building Evidence......Page 300 Building Capacity......Page 302 Financial Support......Page 303 Policy Support......Page 305 External Influence and the National Context......Page 309 Conclusions......Page 311 References......Page 313 Part IV: Critical Reflections and Conclusion......Page 316 Introduction......Page 317 Bricolage, Translation and Policy Transfer......Page 319 Supply and Demand in Policy Diffusion......Page 324 Power and Policy Diffusion: Implications for Political and Ideational Asymmetries......Page 327 Case Study: Transnational Policy Diffusion in SSA......Page 329 Individual Rights, Communitarianism and Policy Diffusion: Contesting Universality......Page 331 Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization and Policy Diffusion......Page 334 Bricolage and Translation of Ideas......Page 337 Conclusion......Page 340 References......Page 341 Introduction......Page 345 Comparative Research on Social Assistance......Page 349 Social Policy Adoption and Emerging Institutions......Page 352 Conceptualizing Transnational Actors......Page 354 Integrating Transnational Actors......Page 355 Phenomenological Accounts of Transnational Actors......Page 356 Realist Accounts of Transnational Actors and Influence......Page 359 Transnational Actors and Social Assistance Expansion......Page 361 Conclusions......Page 363 References......Page 364 14: Critical Assessment and Outlook......Page 369 External Actors and Their Strategies from Colonialism to International Aid......Page 370 External Actors’ Objectives and Preferences Regarding Social Protection......Page 373 Interaction with Domestic Factors......Page 375 Learning from Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches......Page 377 Taking Scope and Context into Account......Page 378 External Actors in the Global South and Global North......Page 380 Transnational Approaches to Research Design and Methodology......Page 382 Geographic Scope......Page 384 Transnational Dynamics and Actor Constellations......Page 385 References......Page 387 Index......Page 389