From Cold War to cyber war : the evolution of the international law of peace and armed conflict over the last 25 years

This book follows the history of the international law of peace and armed conflict over the last 25 years. It highlights both the parameters that have remained the same over the years as well as the new challenges now facing international law. The articles analyze new developments concerning the prohibition of the use of force in international relations, self-determination of peoples, human rights and human security as well as international coordination of humanitarian assistance. Contents 6 Contributors 8 Part I: Progressive Development of International Law 10 From Cold War to Cyber War: The Evolution of the International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict over the Last 25 Years-An Intro... 11 Perspectives of International Humanitarian Law 16 1 Perspectives of Armed Conflict 16 2 Deficiencies of the Law in Force with Regard to Non-international Armed Conflicts 18 3 Summary 24 Part II: Old Wine in New Bottles: Autonomy and Independence in International Law 26 Autonomy and Conflict Resolution 27 1 Introduction 27 2 The Åland Islands in Finland 28 3 The Proliferation of Sub-State Arrangements 31 4 Different Forms of Autonomy 36 5 Autonomies v Federations: Conceptual Distinctions Between Autonomy and Federalism 37 6 Autonomy and Aid: The Issue of the Legitimate Recipient 42 7 Autonomy and Cyber (Cold) War 45 8 Concluding Remarks 47 Permutations of Popular Sovereignty Before, During and After the Scottish Independence Referendum 49 1 Introduction 49 2 Scotland ́s Autonomy Regime in Its Global Context 51 3 The Scotland Act 1998 52 3.1 Scottish Self-Determination as an Exercise in Political Constitutionalism 53 3.2 Devolution and UK Parliamentary Sovereignty 54 4 Re-thinking Sovereignty 55 4.1 A Scottish Approach to Sovereignty 56 4.2 The Historical Origins of Popular Sovereignty in Scotland 57 4.2.1 Recognition of Popular Sovereignty in the Courts 59 4.2.2 Recognition of Popular Sovereignty in Scottish Politics 59 4.3 Popular Sovereignty Versus Parliamentary Sovereignty? 60 5 Moving Forward: The Independence Referendum 62 5.1 Legislating for a Referendum: A Question of Competence 63 5.2 A Nuanced Trajectory for Popular Sovereignty After the Referendum 65 5.3 The Implications of the Smith Commission for Popular Sovereignty 66 5.3.1 The Smith Commission ́s Recommendations 67 6 Concluding Remarks 69 Part III: New Threats to International Peace and Security 70 Climate Change and International Peace and Security: Time for a `Green ́ Security Council? 71 1 Introduction 71 2 The Security Council ́s Mandate and the Effects of Climate Change 74 2.1 The Phenomenon of Climate Migration 76 2.2 The Phenomenon of Conflicts over Scarce Natural Resources 77 3 Approaches to Justify the Council ́s Competence for the Problem of Climate Change 78 3.1 An ``Individual Case ́ ́-Based Approach 79 3.2 An ``Imminent Threat ́ ́-Based Approach 80 3.3 A ``Human Rights ́ ́-Based Approach 81 3.4 A ``Cause and Solution ́ ́-Based Approach 84 4 Conclusion 87 Environmental Migration as a Humanitarian Challenge 90 1 Introduction 90 2 Academic, Political and Legal Debates: Framing the Challenges 92 2.1 Academic Debates on Environmental Migration 92 2.2 Political Debates on Environmental Migration 96 2.3 International Legal Debates on Environmental Migration 98 3 Research Framework 100 4 The IFRC ́s Position on Environmental Migration 101 5 Conclusions: Opportunities and Challenges for a Humanitarian Perspective on Environmental Migration 105 6 Notes 106 Part IV: New Forms of Warfare and Weaponry 108 Drones in International Law: The Applicability of Air and Space Law 109 1 Introduction 109 2 Technological Requirements 110 3 Legal Regulations 111 3.1 Civilian Uses 111 3.2 Military Uses 112 4 Summary 114 `Humanitarian Bombardments ́ in Jus in Bello? 115 1 Introduction 115 2 The Legal Sedes Materiae: Article 52(2) of AP I (1977) 116 3 Elements of State Practice 119 4 Possible Legal Arguments 121 5 Conclusion 127 The Applicability of Article 51 UN Charter to Asymmetric Wars 128 1 Introduction 128 2 Self-defense in UN Law and Resolution 1368 of 2001 129 3 The UN Organs and the Application of Art. 51 of the Charter 131 3.1 The Security Council 131 3.2 The International Court of Justice 132 4 Approaching the Issue of Self-defence from the ``Ivory Tower ́ ́ and by the Civil Society 134 5 Conclusions 136 Part V: The Changing Role of the Individual in the Law of Peace and Armed Conflict 137 The Role of the Human Security Perspective 138 1 Introduction 138 2 Development of the Concept of Human Security 139 3 Potential and Areas of Research 142 4 Conclusions and Challenges for the Future 146 Access to Victims and Humanitarian Assistance 148 1 Introduction 148 2 Framework of the Codification by the International Law Commission (ILC) 151 3 Challenge of the `Sovereignty ́ Concept and Politicization 152 4 Right to Humanitarian Assistance 156 5 ILC Draft Articles 159 5.1 The R2P Issue 160 5.2 Definition 160 5.3 Cooperation 161 5.4 Principles of Protection 162 5.5 Responsibility of the Affected State 163 5.6 Duty to Seek Assistance 164 5.7 External Assistance 165 6 Conclusion 165 Non-refoulement in International Refugee Law, Human Rights Law and Asylum Laws 166 1 Introduction 166 2 One Principle in Its Divergent Designs: Non-refoulement Obligations in International Refugee Law and Human Rights Law 168 2.1 International Refugee Law: The 1951 Refugee Convention 168 2.2 International Human Rights Law 171 2.3 The Extraterritorial Application of Refugee and Human Rights Law Treaties 174 2.4 The Customary Nature of Non-refoulement Obligations 177 2.5 The Potential Jus Cogens Character of Non-refoulement 178 3 Non-refoulement in European Asylum Law 181 3.1 Non-refoulement in Union Law 181 3.2 Non-refoulement to Safe Third Countries 183 4 Conclusion 184 Gender in Armed Conflict: The Dimension of Sexual Violence 186 1 Introduction 186 2 International Legal Standards and Recommendations 187 2.1 The New CEDAW Recommendation No. 30 190 3 International Level: United Nations and G8 191 3.1 UN Peacekeeping 192 3.2 The G8 Group 193 4 Regional Level 194 4.1 African Union 194 4.2 League of Arab States 195 4.3 Council of Europe 195 4.4 NATO 196 5 Armed Opposition Groups 196 6 Strategies Against Gender Violence. Recent Trends in Congo 198 7 Monitoring 200 8 Conclusions 201 Part VI: Practical Insights on Humanitarian Action and Challenges to the Humanitarian Principles 203 International Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance 204 1 Introduction 204 2 The Origins of Humanitarian Coordination 205 3 The International Coordination System Between 2005 and 2011: Strengthening and Reform 206 4 Humanitarian Coordination Today and Tomorrow: Achievements and Challenges Ahead 209 5 Germany ́s International Commitment to Humanitarian Coordination 212 6 Humanitarian Coordination in Germany 213 7 Conclusion 214 Humanitarian Action and Western Military Intervention: A View from Médecins Sans Frontières Germany 215 1 Setting the Scene: What ́s Wrong with ``Humanitarian Interventions ́ ́? 215 2 Principles, Codes and Regulations 218 3 The Position of the German Federal Government on Humanitarian Principles 220 4 The Increased Instrumentalisation of Aid 222 4.1 The Post-Cold War Period 222 4.2 Towards Comprehensive Approaches to Security 224 4.3 After 9/11: Counter-Insurgency-Concepts, Western Security Policy and Humanitarianism 225 5 What Does It All Mean on the Ground? The Impact on Independent Humanitarian Aid 226 6 Advocating Against Abuse: The Case of Mali 229 7 Conclusions 231 The Role of the German Red Cross as Auxiliary to the Public Authorities in the Humanitarian Field 235 1 Introduction 235 2 The Specific Legal Status of the German Red Cross Concerning the Blood Transfusion Service and Emergency Services 236 3 The Specific Supply Contract of the German Red Cross in the Blood Transfusion Service 238 4 The Specific Task of the German Red Cross to Coordinate Emergency Services 243 5 Concluding Remarks 246 Siding with Rebels: Recognition of Opposition Groups and the Provision of Military Assistance in Libya and Syria (2011-2014) 247 1 Introduction 247 2 Libya 249 2.1 Recognition of the National Transitional Council 249 2.2 Military Support for the Opposition in Libya 252 3 Syria 254 3.1 Recognition of the Syrian Opposition Coalition 254 3.2 Arming and Training Opposition Forces in Syria 256 4 Outlook: The Humanitarian Focus 258 Civil-Military Relations and International Law 260 1 Historical Background 260 2 Humanitarians and the Military 261 3 Humanitarian Principles 264 4 Conclusion 266 Front Matter....Pages i-viii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 From Cold War to Cyber War: The Evolution of the International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict over the Last 25 Years—An Introduction....Pages 3-7 Perspectives of International Humanitarian Law....Pages 9-18 Front Matter....Pages 19-19 Autonomy and Conflict Resolution....Pages 21-42 Permutations of Popular Sovereignty Before, During and After the Scottish Independence Referendum....Pages 43-63 Front Matter....Pages 65-65 Climate Change and International Peace and Security: Time for a ‘Green’ Security Council?....Pages 67-85 Environmental Migration as a Humanitarian Challenge....Pages 87-104 Front Matter....Pages 105-105 Drones in International Law: The Applicability of Air and Space Law....Pages 107-112 ‘Humanitarian Bombardments’ in Jus in Bello?....Pages 113-125 The Applicability of Article 51 UN Charter to Asymmetric Wars....Pages 127-135 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 The Role of the Human Security Perspective....Pages 139-148 Access to Victims and Humanitarian Assistance....Pages 149-166 Non-refoulement in International Refugee Law, Human Rights Law and Asylum Laws....Pages 167-186 Gender in Armed Conflict: The Dimension of Sexual Violence....Pages 187-203 Front Matter....Pages 205-205 International Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance....Pages 207-217 Humanitarian Action and Western Military Intervention: A View from Médecins Sans Frontières Germany....Pages 219-238 The Role of the German Red Cross as Auxiliary to the Public Authorities in the Humanitarian Field....Pages 239-250 Siding with Rebels: Recognition of Opposition Groups and the Provision of Military Assistance in Libya and Syria (2011–2014)....Pages 251-263 Civil–Military Relations and International Law....Pages 265-271