From Argument Schemes to Argumentative Relations in the Wild : A Variety of Contributions to Argumentation Theory

This volume comprises a selection of contributions to the theorizing about argumentation that have been presented at the 9th conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (ISSA), held in Amsterdam in July 2018. The chapters included provide a general theoretical perspective on central topics in argumentation theory, such as argument schemes and the fallacies. Some contributions concentrate on the treatment of the concept of conductive argument. Other contributions are dedicated to specific issues such as the justification of questions, the occurrence of mining relations, the role of exclamatives, argumentative abduction, eudaimonistic argumentation and a typology of logical ways to counter an argument. In a number of cases the theoretical problems addressed are related to a specific type of context, such as the burden of proof in philosophical argumentation, the charge of committing a genetic fallacy in strategic manoeuvring in philosophy, the necessity of community argument, and connection adequacy for arguments with institutional warrants. The volume offers a great deal of diversity in its breadth of coverage of argumentation theory and wide geographic representation from North and South America to Europe and China. Contents 6 Contributors 8 1 A Variety of Contributions to Argumentation Theory 10 References 18 2 Argument Schemes: Extending the Pragma-Dialectical Approach 20 2.1 The Notion of Argument Scheme 20 2.2 Intersubjective Procedures for Evaluating Argumentation 22 2.3 The Pragma-Dialectical Typology of Argument Schemes 23 2.4 Critical Questions: Pragmatic Argumentation as a Case in Point 26 2.5 Subtypes and Variants of Argumentation 28 References 31 3 In Search of a Workable Auxiliary Condition for Authority Arguments 33 3.1 Corroboration 34 3.2 Trust 37 3.3 The Layperson’s Paradox 41 3.4 Goldberg Variations 43 3.5 Discussion 46 References 48 4 Give the Standard Treatment of Fallacies a Chance! Cognitive and Rhetorical Insights into Fallacy Processing 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 The Standard Treatment of Fallacies: Problems and Opportunities 50 4.2.1 Normative Issues 50 4.2.2 Salvaging the Standard Treatment: Rhetorical Insights 51 4.3 Why and How Fallacies Are Rhetorically Successful 53 4.3.1 Cognitive Underpinnings of Argument Evaluation 53 4.3.2 Undetected Fallacies Are Arguments That Are Non-manifest Qua Fallacies 56 4.3.3 Pragma-Linguistic Constraints on Argumentation and Rhetorical Effectiveness 58 4.4 A Fallacious and Deceptive Erotetic Tour de Force 61 4.4.1 A Double Rhetorical Trick Question Realising a False Dilemma 62 4.4.2 More Rhetorical Questions to Strengthen the Context 64 4.4.3 The Straw Man Question 65 4.5 Conclusion 68 References 69 5 Argument Evaluation in Philosophy: Fallacies as Strategic Maneuvering 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Argumentation in Philosophy: The Problems of Evaluation Standars 73 5.3 The Controversy About the Genetic Fallacy 74 5.3.1 What Is the Genetic Fallacy? 74 5.3.2 The Genetic Fallacy in Question 77 5.4 The Charge of Committing a Fallacy as Strategic Maneuvering 78 5.5 Conclusion 82 References 83 6 Dialogical Sequences, Argumentative Moves and Interrogative Burden of Proof in Philosophical Argumentation 86 6.1 The Role of Questions in Argument 86 6.2 Burden of Proof 88 6.3 Typical Moves in Philosophical Argumentation 90 6.4 Revealing Irrelevant Distinctions 91 6.5 Analytic Dilemmas 97 6.6 Pragmatic Self-refutation 99 6.7 Conclusions 100 References 102 7 Eudaimonistic Argumentation 104 7.1 Virtue Theories of Argumentation 105 7.2 Intellectual Flourishing 108 7.3 Adversariality 110 7.4 Conclusion 112 References 112 8 Worries About the Prospects for Community Argument 114 8.1 Introduction 114 8.2 The Importance of Community Argument 115 8.3 Inherent Barriers to Community Argument 116 8.3.1 Evolved Sociality 117 8.3.2 Evolved Cognitive Modularity 120 8.4 Emerging Barriers to Community Argument 123 8.4.1 Distraction 123 8.4.2 Nudges 125 8.4.3 Narratives 126 8.4.4 Visual Persuasion 128 8.4.5 Some New Horizons 130 8.5 Community Argument? Concerns and Ambitions 131 References 134 9 Assessing Connection Adequacy for Arguments with Institutional Warrants 138 9.1 Warrants, Sources of Backing, and Rules 138 9.2 From Bodies of Law to Formally Backed Warrants 139 9.3 Reliably Understood Transcripts and Speech Acts 141 9.4 Reliable Institutional Warrants, Rebuttals, and Argument Cogency 144 9.5 Recognizing Rebuttals 145 9.6 Precedents, Conclusive Versus Defeasible Warrants, and Refining Warrants 147 9.7 Defeasible Warrants and Warrant Strength 149 9.8 Warrant Strength and Argument Cogency 151 9.9 Application to Institutional Warrants in General 152 References 155 10 On the Logical Ways to Counter an Argument: A Typology and Some Theoretical Consequences 156 10.1 Introduction 156 10.2 Main Kinds of Counterarguments 157 10.3 Dismissal 157 10.4 Objection 158 10.5 Rebuttal 159 10.6 Refutation 162 10.7 Weighing 164 10.8 Rebuttals, Refutations and Standards of Proof 165 10.9 Counterargument Structures 166 10.10 Other Classifications 168 10.11 The Order of Counterargumentation 170 10.12 Conclusions 171 References 172 11 Arguing for Questions 174 11.1 Introduction 174 11.2 Arguments for Questions? 175 11.3 The Formal Logic of Inferences to Questions 177 11.4 Inferences to Open-Ended Questions 180 11.4.1 Why Questions 180 11.4.2 How Questions 182 11.4.3 What Questions 183 11.5 Inferences from Questions to Questions 186 11.6 Summary 189 References 190 12 Expressives in Argumentation: The Case of Apprehensive Straks (‘Shortly’) in Dutch 192 12.1 Introduction 192 12.2 Form and Meaning of the Apprehensive Straks-Construction 194 12.2.1 Apprehensive Straks as a Construction 194 12.2.2 Argumentative Semantics 198 12.3 Apprehensive Straks in Argumentative Discourse 199 12.3.1 Pragmatic Argumentation: Warnings and Slippery Slope 200 12.3.2 Reductio ad Absurdum 202 12.4 Expressives Between Reasonableness and Effectiveness 203 12.4.1 The Expressive Dimension 204 12.4.2 Overt Unreasonableness 206 12.5 Conclusion 208 References 209 13 Argumentative Abduction in the Interpretation Process: A Pragma-Dialectical Study of an Ironic Utterance 212 13.1 Introduction 212 13.2 Abduction 213 13.3 Conversational Implicature and Irony 216 13.4 Irony from Extended Pragma-Dialectics 220 13.4.1 Irony: Standpoint or Conclusion? 220 13.4.2 Irony as Strategic Maneuvering 222 13.4.3 Interpreting Irony by Argumentative Abduction 223 13.5 Conclusion 226 References 227 14 Is “Conductive Argument” a Single Argument? 229 14.1 Introduction 229 14.2 The Current Consensus: Representing “Conductive Argument” as a Single Argument 232 14.3 My Proposal: Representing Pro/Con Argumentation as Deliberative Process 233 14.4 Conclusion 241 References 242 15 On the Logical Reconstruction of Conductive Arguments 244 15.1 Introduction 244 15.2 The Logical Reconstruction of Conductive Arguments 245 15.2.1 The Supplementation of On-balance Premise Approach 245 15.2.2 The Warrant-Reformulation Approach 247 15.3 The Linguistic Feature of Conductive Arguments 248 15.4 The Metaphor of Outweighing 251 15.5 The Role of Counter-Considerations in Conductive Arguments 253 15.6 Conclusion 257 References 258 16 The Legitimacy of Conductive Arguments: What Are the Logical Roles of Negative Considerations? 260 16.1 Introduction 260 16.2 “Adler’s Problem” and Its Variant 262 16.3 The Rhetorical Solution Versus the Logical Solution 265 16.4 The Perspective of Argument Evaluation 268 16.5 Conclusion 271 References 272 17 Deploying Machine Learning Classifiers for Argumentative Relations “in the Wild” 273 17.1 Introduction 273 17.2 Related Work 274 17.3 Training Classifiers for RbAM 275 17.3.1 Training Dataset 275 17.3.2 Argument Mining Experiments 276 17.4 First Experiment: Mining BAFs from a Dialogue Excerpt 276 17.4.1 Dialogue Excerpt 276 17.4.2 Annotation Results 278 17.4.3 Mining Argumentative Relations “in the wild” 281 17.5 Mining Argumentative Relations from a Short Text 282 17.5.1 Merged Arguments 282 17.5.2 Unmerged Arguments 285 17.6 Conclusion 285 References 288 Index 290 Front Matter ....Pages i-viii A Variety of Contributions to Argumentation Theory (Frans H. van Eemeren, Bart Garssen)....Pages 1-10 Argument Schemes: Extending the Pragma-Dialectical Approach (Frans H. van Eemeren, Bart Garssen)....Pages 11-23 In Search of a Workable Auxiliary Condition for Authority Arguments (Hans V. Hansen)....Pages 25-40 Give the Standard Treatment of Fallacies a Chance! Cognitive and Rhetorical Insights into Fallacy Processing (Steve Oswald, Thierry Herman)....Pages 41-62 Argument Evaluation in Philosophy: Fallacies as Strategic Maneuvering (Federico E. López)....Pages 63-77 Dialogical Sequences, Argumentative Moves and Interrogative Burden of Proof in Philosophical Argumentation (Joaquin Galindo)....Pages 79-96 Eudaimonistic Argumentation (Andrew Aberdein)....Pages 97-106 Worries About the Prospects for Community Argument (Dale Hample)....Pages 107-130 Assessing Connection Adequacy for Arguments with Institutional Warrants (James B. Freeman)....Pages 131-148 On the Logical Ways to Counter an Argument: A Typology and Some Theoretical Consequences (Hubert Marraud)....Pages 149-166 Arguing for Questions (David Hitchcock)....Pages 167-184 Expressives in Argumentation: The Case of Apprehensive Straks (‘Shortly’) in Dutch (Ronny Boogaart)....Pages 185-204 Argumentative Abduction in the Interpretation Process: A Pragma-Dialectical Study of an Ironic Utterance (Antonio Duarte)....Pages 205-221 Is “Conductive Argument” a Single Argument? (Isabela Fairclough)....Pages 223-237 On the Logical Reconstruction of Conductive Arguments (Yun Xie)....Pages 239-254 The Legitimacy of Conductive Arguments: What Are the Logical Roles of Negative Considerations? (Yanlin Liao)....Pages 255-267 Deploying Machine Learning Classifiers for Argumentative Relations “in the Wild” (Oana Cocarascu, Francesca Toni)....Pages 269-285 Back Matter ....Pages 287-289