Frequency Standards and Metrology : Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium, Ancona, Italy, September 5 – 9, 1988

Since the previous Symposium, several exciting new developments and advances have occurred in the field of frequency standards and metrology. These include the first results on the long-tenn stability of a millisecond Pulsar, for which data 14 integrated over several years now show a stability of around 10- . Improvements in the understanding of various biases in Cesium beam standards promise accuracies in the low 14s for primary standards and in the low 13s for short commercial tubes, for which long tenn stabilities in low 14s have already been shown to be obtainable by accuracy improvement. Beams using optical pumping for state selection and for detection have been operated with excellent results, and more are being realized. Other new frequency standards which have appeared include a macroscopic rf trap with Mercury ions, which perfonns in the low 15s in one day, the sub­ millimeter metastable Magnesium beam, which has shown a short tenn stability 19 in the low 12s in one second and promises an accuracy of 10- , and the cold Hydrogen masers, which have such high stabilities that they cannot be measured with existing local oscillators. Prospects for future developments include laser manipulation of neutrals and spectroscopy of single ions at rest in a trap. Both these groups of techniques have great potential for unprecedented accuracy and short-and long-tenn stability, and new superior frequency standards are expected to be realizable in this way in the not too distant future. Front Matter....Pages I-XX Front Matter....Pages 1-1 New Looks at Old Ideas....Pages 2-9 Frequency Metrology and the Fundamental Physical Constants....Pages 10-14 Coherent Spectroscopy on a Single Atomic System at Rest in Free Space III....Pages 15-19 Front Matter....Pages 21-21 Use and Availability of the Frequency Standards....Pages 22-22 Advanced Applications of Frequency Standards....Pages 23-28 In Search of the Best Clock — an Update....Pages 29-36 Comparison of Primary Frequency Standards....Pages 37-42 Front Matter....Pages 43-43 Established Microwave Frequency Standards....Pages 44-45 A Point of View on the Accuracy Performances and on the Prospects of Improvement of Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standards....Pages 46-51 The Accuracy of Commercial Cesium Beam Frequency Standards....Pages 52-56 Reproducibility of H Maser Standards....Pages 57-61 Advances in the Theory of Gas-Cell Atomic Frequency Standards....Pages 62-67 Front Matter....Pages 69-69 Presentation of the Session Entitled “New Standards”....Pages 70-70 High Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored Ions....Pages 71-77 Mg Beam Frequency Standard....Pages 78-83 Front Matter....Pages 85-85 Introduction to Cold Hydrogen Masers....Pages 86-87 The Cold Hydrogen Maser....Pages 88-94 Performance of the UBC Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser....Pages 95-101 Quantum Scattering of Atomic Hydrogen from the Surface of Liquid Helium....Pages 102-107 Front Matter....Pages 109-109 Influence of Low Magnetic Field on Pumping Efficiency in an Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Resonator....Pages 110-115 Front Matter....Pages 109-109 An Optically Pumped Primary Frequency Standard....Pages 116-119 Design of an Optically Pumped Cs Laboratory Frequency Standard....Pages 120-125 Preliminary Results and Some Considerations on Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Frequency Standard....Pages 126-131 Experimental Results on an Optically Pumped Cs Frequency Standard....Pages 132-136 Temperature Measurements of Laser Cooled Cesium Atoms....Pages 137-142 Front Matter....Pages 143-143 Local Oscillators — Introductory Remarks....Pages 144-144 Stability of Frequency Locked Loops....Pages 145-149 1/f Noise in Oscillators: Theoretical and Experimental Progresses....Pages 150-156 RF Local Oscillators for Future Frequency Standards....Pages 157-161 Ultra-Stable Cavity-Stabilized Lasers with Subhertz Linewidth....Pages 162-173 Low-Noise and Stable LO’s for Deep Space Applications....Pages 174-178 Front Matter....Pages 179-179 Progress in Infrared Frequency Synthesis....Pages 180-180 Coherent Frequency Measurements of the Hfs-Resolved Methane Line....Pages 181-186 Phase-Locked Frequency Chains to 130 THz at NRC....Pages 187-190 Direct Comparison of the Characteristics of Optical and Hydrogen Frequency Standards....Pages 191-194 Front Matter....Pages 195-195 The Physics of Optical Frequency Standards Using Saturation Methods....Pages 196-205 Double-Mode He-Ne/CH 4 Laser Stabilized by Methane Resonances with Relative Width of 10 −11 ....Pages 206-211 State-of-the-Art for High Accuracy Frequency Standards in the 28 THz Range Using Saturated Absorption Resonances of OsO 4 and CO 2 ....Pages 212-221 Front Matter....Pages 223-223 Solid State Lasers — Introduction....Pages 224-224 Narrow-Linewidth Operation of Diode-Laser-Pumped Nonplanar Ring Oscillators....Pages 225-230 Front Matter....Pages 223-223 Optical Stabilization of Semiconductor Lasers....Pages 231-235 Frequency Stabilization of Highly Coherent AlGaAs Diode Lasers....Pages 236-241 Frequency Control of Semiconductor Lasers....Pages 242-246 Front Matter....Pages 247-247 Recent Progress in the Control of the Motion of Atomic Beams by Laser Fields....Pages 248-263 Atoms Laser-Cooled Below the Doppler-Cooling Limit....Pages 264-269 High-Contrast, High-Resolution Single Recoil Component Ramsey Fringes in Ca....Pages 270-276 Obtaining of Supernarrow Saturated Absorption Resonances on Cold Particles and Their Use for Optical Frequency Standards....Pages 277-281 Laser Cooling in Calcium and Magnesium Atomic Beams....Pages 282-284 Front Matter....Pages 285-285 Introduction to the Session on Trapped Ions....Pages 286-286 Hg + Single Ion Spectroscopy....Pages 287-292 Lifetime Measurements of Metastable States in Ions....Pages 293-299 Nonlinear Effects in Trapped Three-Level Ions....Pages 300-305 New Frequency Standards Based on Yb + ....Pages 306-311 Laser Spectroscopy of a Single Barium Ion Using “Shelving”....Pages 312-318 Frequency Standards Utilizing Penning Traps....Pages 319-325 The Interferometric Detection of Gravitational Waves — a Status Report....Pages 326-331 Relativity, Pulsar Time, and Atomic Time....Pages 332-337 Testing Spatial Isotropy Using Optically-Pumped 199 Hg and 201 Hg....Pages 338-342 Squeezed States, Interferometric Limits and Back-Action Evasion....Pages 343-348 Mass Ratio Spectroscopy and the Proton’s Atomic Mass....Pages 349-355 Front Matter....Pages 285-285 The Physics of Circular Atoms and the Measurement of the Rydberg Constant....Pages 356-361 Determination of the Rydberg Constant by Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Atomic Hydrogen Rydberg States....Pages 362-367 Front Matter....Pages 369-369 The Primary Cesium Atomic Clocks of the PTB....Pages 370-373 Metrological Parameters of the Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standards in the National Time and Frequency Standard of the USSR....Pages 374-378 Work on Cesium Standards at NRC....Pages 379-381 Optical Pumping with Finite-Linewidth Lasers: Predictions for the Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Frequency Standard....Pages 382-385 Work on Primary Cesium Beam Frequency Standard at CRL....Pages 386-388 Improvement and Reevaluation of Chinese Primary Frequency Standard....Pages 389-391 Preliminary Results on Small Optically Pumped Cesium Resonator....Pages 392-394 Determining the Velocity Distribution in Cesium Beams from the Response to a Microwave Pulse....Pages 395-397 Physical Problems Determining the Reliability of the Classical Microwave Frequency Standards....Pages 398-399 Difference Frequency in Two Isotopes Atomic Beam Magnetic Resonance Apparatus as Candidate for Frequency Standard....Pages 400-401 Studies and Developments of H-Masers at LHA....Pages 402-403 Hydrogen Maser Auto-Tuning Systems....Pages 404-405 Work on Hydrogen Maser....Pages 406-407 Advanced Atomic Hydrogen Masers....Pages 408-409 Recent Progress in Oscillating Compact Hydrogen Masers [1]....Pages 410-411 Shapes of Storage Bulbs for Hydrogen Masers for Maximum Filling Factor....Pages 412-413 H Maser and Rb Work in Romania....Pages 414-415 Collisions of Atoms in Microwave and Laser Fields....Pages 416-417 Front Matter....Pages 369-369 Temperature of Mercury Ions Stored in an R.F. Cylindrical Trap....Pages 418-419 A High Stability Oscillator Based on a Sapphire Loaded Superconducting Cavity Resonator....Pages 420-424 Recent Scientific Results at the Istituto di Radioastronomia....Pages 425-426 The Time and Frequency System at the Matera Space Geodesy Center....Pages 427-430 Optical Pumping of Rubidium Vapor with Laser-Diodes: Application to Coherent Optical Communications....Pages 431-433 Improvements in Short- and Long-Term Frequency Stabilities of Diode Laser Pumped Rubidium Atomic Clock....Pages 434-435 Efficient Frequency Noise Reduction of GaAIAs Laser Diodes by Negative Electronic Feedback....Pages 436-438 Some Applications of Extended-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers....Pages 439-440 Ultra-Narrow Linewidth of Optically Self-Locked Diode Lasers....Pages 441-444 Manipulation of Metastable Helium with a LNA Laser....Pages 445-446 Quantitative Study of Laser Cooling in a Penning Trap....Pages 447-448 Laser Cooling and Resonant Transport of MG+ Ions in a Penning Trap....Pages 449-450 Trapped Yb + as a Potential Optical Frequency Standard....Pages 451-452 Kinetic Energy and Spatial Distribution of Ion Clouds in Paul Traps....Pages 453-454 Tuning Characteristic of 543 nm Internal Mirror He-Ne Laser for Frequency Stabilization....Pages 455-456 Double-Mode CO 2 Laser with Complex Resonator for Frequency Standards and Superhigh Resolution Spectroscopy....Pages 457-458 Laser Frequency Measurement at NPL....Pages 459-460 Saturation Spectroscopy with the NH 3 Laser....Pages 461-462 OsO 4 Molecular Beam for High Accuracy Frequency Standard....Pages 463-464 He-Ne Laser at 612 nm Stabilized to 127 I 2 Using FM Spectroscopy....Pages 465-466 Front Matter....Pages 369-369 Frequency Stabilization of a 543.5 nm Wavelength He-Ne Laser to an Iodine Absorption Line....Pages 467-468 Measurement of Isotope Shift in Optical Transitions of Atomic Oxygen....Pages 469-471 Back Matter....Pages 472-473 ....Pages 475-484 The Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology in Ancona 1988 was the most recent in a series of meetings which review the progress and state of the field every five years. These proceedings give a comprehensive review in 58 invited papers and 45 poster contributions of: - current work on established and new microwave standards, - the frequency stabilization of lasers, - frequency synthesis as the connection between standards of differing frequency, - trapping of neutral and ionized atoms as a future means to achieve the most stable and accurate standards. Contributions highlight the importance of precise frequency measurement for advanced experimental work in quantum and gravitational physics.