Frequency standards and metrology : proceedings of the 7th Symposium, Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 5-11 October 2008

The Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology is an event held approximately every seven years, and is regarded as the premier conference in the field of advanced clocks and oscillators together with their applications in science and metrology. This series began with the first meeting at Université Laval, Quebec Canada in 1971, and the last one was held in 2001 at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. The 7th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology is scheduled for October 5-11, 2008 at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in Pacific Grove, California, USA.The Symposium is intended as a forum for bringing together international scientists and technologists engaged in the development of precise frequency standards and clocks, the study of their underlying physics, and their applications in metrology and tests of fundamental laws. The symposium has been traditionally held in a venue that promotes exchange of information on emerging ideas and latest achievements in the field, with a single-session approach which includes oral presentations by invitation, poster session(s) and keynote talks from internationally-recognized speakers. The program also includes social and other events aimed at promoting the exchange of technical and scientific information. Contents......Page 20 Preface Lute Maleki......Page 8 Symposium History Jacques Vanier......Page 12 Symposium Photos......Page 16 Part I: Fundamental Physics......Page 30 1. Introduction......Page 32 2. Big Bang nucleosynthesis......Page 33 3. Oklo natural nuclear reactor......Page 34 4.1. Comparison of quasar absorption spectra with laboratory spectra......Page 35 4.4. Atomic microwave clocks......Page 37 5. Molecular spectra......Page 38 5.2. Enhancement of variation of J.L in inversion spectrum of ammonia and limit from quasar spectra......Page 39 5.3.1. Molecules with cancelation between hyper fine structure and rotational intervals......Page 41 5.3.2. Molecules with cancelation between fine structure and vibrational intervals......Page 42 5.3.3. Molecular ion HfF+......Page 43 6. Enhanced effect of variation of a and strong interaction in UV transition of 229Th nucleus (nuclear clock)......Page 44 References......Page 45 1. Introduction......Page 49 2. Summary of Hg+ Clock Systematics......Page 50 3. Quantum-logic AI+ clock......Page 52 4. The Frequency Ratio of Al+ to Hg+......Page 54 5. Test of the temporal stability of a......Page 55 6. Stability of optical atomic clocks......Page 56 7. Conclusions......Page 59 References......Page 60 Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant and Laser Cooling of Atomic Dysprosium (Invited) N.A. Lee/er, A. Cing6z, D. Budker, SJ Ferrell, V. V. Yashchuk, A. Lapierre, A.-T Nguyen, SK. Lamoreaux and JR. Torgerson......Page 63 1. Introduction......Page 64 2. Effect of a-variation in dysprosium......Page 65 3. Experimental Technique......Page 66 4.1. Temporal Variation......Page 67 4.2. Gravitational-Potential Dependence......Page 68 5. Laser Cooling of Dysprosium......Page 69 6. Conclusion......Page 71 References......Page 72 1. Introduction......Page 73 2. Principle of the experiment......Page 75 3. Systematic effects......Page 78 4. QED potential......Page 79 5. Test of gravitation......Page 80 References......Page 81 1. Introduction......Page 82 2. Atom Interferometry with 24-Photon-Momentum-'Iransfer Bragg Beam Splitters......Page 83 3. Noise-Immune, Recoil-Sensitive, Large-Area Atom Interferometers......Page 84 4. Very large area atom interferometers by differential optical acceleration......Page 85 5. Towards fundamental physics measurements by atom interferometry......Page 87 5.1. Detection of gravitational waves......Page 88 References......Page 89 1. Introduction......Page 91 2. The One-Way Doppler Tracking Observables......Page 93 2.1. Example application......Page 96 3. Conclusions......Page 97 References......Page 98 Part II: Frequency & Metrology......Page 100 1. Introduction......Page 102 2. Characterization of the Sr optical frequency standard......Page 103 3. Blackbody-induced shift......Page 105 4. Collision induced shift......Page 107 References......Page 109 1. Introduction......Page 111 2. New measurement of the rubidium 87 hyperfine frequency......Page 112 3. Measurement of the 180 - 3 Po optical clock transition in mercury......Page 114 References......Page 118 1. Introduction......Page 120 2. Description of the Experiment......Page 121 3. Brief Theory......Page 122 4. Frequency Shifts for Fermion Clocks......Page 124 5. Feshbach Resonances and Scattering Thresholds......Page 126 6. Conclusions......Page 127 References......Page 128 1. Introduction......Page 129 2. Experimental setup......Page 130 3. The measurement of the 40Ca+ 48 281 / 2 - 3d 2 D 5 / 2 transition......Page 132 4. Systematic shifts and error budget......Page 133 5. Conclusion......Page 135 References......Page 136 1. Introduction......Page 138 2.1. Multi-photon Excitation......Page 139 2.2. AC-Stark or Autler-Townes Splitting......Page 140 3. Stochastic-Field Effects and an Atom's Dynamic Response......Page 141 4.1. Rabi Resonances......Page 142 4.2. Bloch-Vector Trajectory Entropy......Page 144 5. Summary & Conclusions......Page 145 References......Page 146 1. A quick look high-sensitivity measuements......Page 147 2. Bridge measurements......Page 148 3. Correlation measurements......Page 150 5. Flicker in electronic and optical devices......Page 152 6. Noise in OEOs......Page 153 References......Page 154 1. Introduction......Page 156 3. Present status of experiment......Page 157 4. Optical excitation of the 2S state......Page 159 References......Page 160 Part III: Clock Applications in Space......Page 162 1. ACES Mission Overview......Page 164 2. Mission Objectives......Page 166 3.1. PHARAO......Page 168 3.3. FCDP......Page 170 3.4. MWL......Page 171 References......Page 173 1. Introduction......Page 175 2. Science Objectives......Page 176 3. Payload......Page 177 3.1. Cold Atom Accelerometer......Page 178 3.2. Optical Trapped Ion clock......Page 179 3.3. Deep space Optical lAser Link (DOLL)......Page 181 References......Page 184 1. Introduction......Page 185 3. Lamp Lifetime Strategies......Page 186 4. Simplifying lon Clocks for Space and Commercial Use......Page 188 5. Novel Line acquisition methods......Page 189 References......Page 194 1. Precision Spectroscopy in Astrophysics......Page 195 2. Calibrating Radial Velocity Measurements......Page 197 3. The Astro-Comb......Page 198 4. Astro-comb Wavelength Calibration......Page 201 5. Conclusion......Page 202 References......Page 203 1. Frequency Standards for VLBI......Page 204 2. A Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator for VLBI......Page 207 3. The Super Massive Black Hole at the Galactic Center......Page 208 References......Page 212 1. Introduction......Page 213 3. Experimental results......Page 214 3.1. Measured Frequency Stability and Noise Budget......Page 215 3.2. Clock Environmental Sensitivities......Page 216 References......Page 217 Part IV: Optical Clocks I: Lattice Clocks......Page 218 1. Introduction......Page 220 2.1. One-dimensional optical lattice with jermions......Page 221 2.2. Three-dimensional optical lattice......Page 222 2.3. Frequency comparison of optical lattice clocks with bosons and fermions......Page 223 3.2. Exploring new atomic elements......Page 225 3.3. A "blue-detuned" magic wavelength: Prospects for quantum metrology......Page 226 References......Page 227 1. Introduction......Page 229 2. Apparatus......Page 230 3.1. Key frequency shifts for the Yb lattice clock......Page 232 3.2. Uncertainty budgets for 171 Yb and 174 Yb......Page 234 3.3. Frequency measurements for 171 Yb and 174 Yb......Page 235 4. Conclusions and future prospects......Page 236 References......Page 237 1. Introduction......Page 238 2. Motional Effects and Required Lattice Depth......Page 239 3.1.1. Atomic Source......Page 240 3.1.2. Interrogation and detection......Page 241 3.2.2. Lattice Shift......Page 242 3.2.3. Other Effects and Accuracy Budget......Page 243 4. Non-Destructive Detection......Page 244 5. Conclusion......Page 245 References......Page 246 2. Experimental system......Page 247 2.1. Permanent magnet Zeeman slower......Page 248 2.2. Blackbody radiation shift measurement chamber......Page 249 2.3. Sub-Hz linewidth laser development......Page 250 References......Page 251 2. Measurements with Sr......Page 252 3. Results......Page 254 References......Page 256 2. The cryogenic fountain......Page 257 2.1. Accuracy perspective of F2......Page 258 3. The Yb optical clock......Page 259 3.1. Experimental results......Page 260 References......Page 261 Part V: Optical Clocks II: Ion Clocks......Page 262 1. Energy level system of Yb+......Page 264 2. Experimental work at PTB......Page 265 Acknowledgments......Page 268 References......Page 269 1. Introduction......Page 270 2. Experimental arrangement......Page 271 3. 674 nm probe laser system......Page 272 4. Frequency stability......Page 273 5. Absolute frequency measurements......Page 274 References......Page 277 1. Introduction......Page 279 2. Experimental arrangement......Page 281 3. I71Yb+ cold ion octupole lineshape......Page 282 4. Absolute frequency measurement......Page 283 5. Quadrupole laser development......Page 285 6. Summary and outlook......Page 286 References......Page 287 1. Introduction......Page 288 2.1. 422 nm Laser Cooling Source......Page 290 2.2. 674 nm Probe Laser System and Observed Resolution of Strontium S-D Transition......Page 291 3. Fiber Laser Frequency Comb Connection to the 455-THz Reference Transition......Page 292 5. NRC FCs 1 Cesium Fountain Primary Standard......Page 294 References......Page 296 Part VI: Optical Frequency Combs......Page 298 1. Introduction......Page 300 1.1. Frequency Comb Spectroscopy......Page 302 2. XUV Sources......Page 304 3. He+ Spectroscopy......Page 306 References......Page 308 1. Introduction......Page 309 2. Fiber Frequency Comb......Page 310 S. Conclusions......Page 312 References......Page 313 1. Introduction......Page 314 2. Method......Page 315 3. Experiment......Page 316 4. Future Developments......Page 317 References......Page 318 2. Spectral broadening......Page 320 3. /:2/ self-referencing......Page 321 4. Offset frequency stabilisation......Page 323 References......Page 324 Part VII: Atomic Microwave Standards......Page 326 1.1. Spin Exchange Frequency Bias......Page 328 1.2. Blackbody Frequency Bias......Page 329 1.3.1. Distributed Cavity Phase......Page 330 1.3.2. Microwave Leakage......Page 331 2. NIST-F2......Page 333 References......Page 335 2. Rubidium Fountain Prototype - NRFI......Page 337 3. Operational Fountains - NRF2 and NRF3......Page 340 4. New Master Clock Facility......Page 341 References......Page 342 1. Introduction......Page 343 2.1. The Physical Package......Page 344 2.3. The Electro - Microwave System......Page 345 3. Experiments and the Preliminary Evaluations......Page 346 4. Discussion and Future Work......Page 348 References......Page 349 1. Introduction......Page 350 3. Magnetic Compensation of the Number-Dependent Second-Order Doppler Shift......Page 351 4. Clock Stability and Long-Term Comparisons......Page 352 5. Stability Evaluation......Page 354 7. Conclusions......Page 356 References......Page 357 1. Introduction......Page 358 2. Laser cooling in an integrating sphere......Page 359 3. The pulsed coherent storage frequency standard......Page 361 4. Proposal of the experiment of pes......Page 364 References......Page 365 2. Setup of CSF2......Page 367 3. Stability and Preliminary Uncertainty Budget......Page 368 4. Planned Measurements of the g-Factor Ratio in Caesium......Page 370 References......Page 371 1. Introduction......Page 372 2. Theoretical background......Page 373 4. ExpelrilIlenial results......Page 374 5. Optical detection......Page 375 References......Page 376 1. Introduction......Page 377 2. Experimental setup......Page 378 3. Experimental Results......Page 379 References......Page 381 1. Introduction......Page 382 2. The continuous fountains FOCS-l and FOCS-2......Page 383 3. Frequency stability of FOCS-l......Page 384 4. Accuracy issues of FOCS-l......Page 385 References......Page 386 2. Experimental Apparatus......Page 387 3. An Experiment to Place a Limit on Fundamental Constant Variation......Page 388 4. Systematic Uncertainties in a 201Hg+/ 199Hg+ Difference Measurement......Page 389 6. Expected Sensitivity to Fundamental Constant Variation.......Page 390 References......Page 391 2. Clock optimization concept......Page 392 2.2. Medium-term stability (1 day)......Page 393 2.3. The pump laser and its frequency stabilization......Page 394 3. Clock stability results......Page 395 References......Page 396 2. Experimental Set-Up......Page 397 3. Influence of experimental parameters on the CPT resonance......Page 398 4. Frequency Shifts and Frequency Stability......Page 399 References......Page 401 Part VIII: Microwave Resonators & Oscillators......Page 402 1. Introduction......Page 404 2. Short term stability......Page 405 3. Previous art......Page 406 4. Thermal expansion of metals......Page 407 5. Second order compensation......Page 408 6. Below 10.10 IK sensitivity......Page 409 References......Page 412 1. Introduction......Page 413 2. The resonator......Page 414 3. The oscillator......Page 417 References......Page 421 2. Finite Elements Modelling of the Cavity......Page 422 3. Experimental Set-up and Vibration Sensitivity Measurements......Page 425 References......Page 426 1. Introduction......Page 427 2.2. Frequency instability measurement......Page 428 3. Bimodal maser oscillations......Page 429 References......Page 431 Part IX: Advanced Techniques......Page 432 1. Introduction......Page 434 2. Laser Noise Characterization......Page 435 3. Optical Phase Locking......Page 438 4. Doppler Ranging Demonstration......Page 442 Acknowledgments......Page 444 References......Page 445 1. Introduction......Page 446 2. Experimental setup......Page 447 4. Conclusions......Page 449 References......Page 450 1. Introduction......Page 451 3. Probe Laser System......Page 452 4. Conclusions......Page 454 References......Page 455 1. Introduction......Page 456 2. Setup of the clock laser......Page 457 3. Characterization of the clock laser system......Page 458 References......Page 460 1. Introduction......Page 461 2.2. Fiber link and compensation interferometer set-up......Page 462 3.2. Realization of stabilized 147 kmfiber link over deployedfiber......Page 463 4. Implication for remote frequency measurement, future extensions of fiber link and short distance frequency comparisons......Page 464 References......Page 465 1. Long-Distance Coherent Optical Frequency Transfer over Fiber......Page 466 2. Experiment and Results......Page 467 3. Link Length Limitations......Page 469 References......Page 470 Part X: Miniature Systems......Page 472 1. Introduction......Page 474 2. Alkali Vapor Cells......Page 475 4.1. Chip-scale atomic magnetometers with flux concentrators......Page 477 4.2. "Photonic" Magnetometer......Page 479 5. Conclusion and outlook......Page 480 References......Page 481 1. Introduction......Page 483 2.1 Mkrowave Double-Resonance vs. Coherent Population Trapping......Page 484 2.2 Choice of Atomic Species......Page 485 3 CSAC Engineering......Page 486 3.1 Physics Package......Page 487 4 CSAC Performance......Page 489 References......Page 491 2. Experimental setup......Page 492 3. The cooling sequence......Page 493 4. The detection sequence......Page 494 5. Frequency stability measurements......Page 495 References......Page 496 1. Introduction......Page 497 2. Clock signal in lin II lin configuration......Page 499 3. Detection noise and expected short-term stability......Page 500 References......Page 501 Part XI: Time Scales......Page 502 1. Introduction......Page 504 2.1. TT(BIPM), BIPM's best realization of Terrestrial Time......Page 505 2.2. Time scale and primary frequency standards......Page 506 2.3. Time and frequency transfer......Page 507 3.1. Ensemble time scale......Page 508 3.2. Time andfrequency transfer......Page 509 References......Page 510 1. Introduction of weight functions......Page 512 1.1. Properties of Weight Functions......Page 513 2. Biases in Rabi excitation......Page 514 3. Biases in Ramsey excitation......Page 515 References......Page 516 Part XII: Interferometers......Page 518 1. Introduction......Page 520 2. Definition of noise budget......Page 522 3. Mathematical formalism......Page 524 4. Vibrational noise......Page 526 5. Rotational noise......Page 527 6. Conclusions......Page 528 References......Page 530 1. Introduction......Page 531 2. Experimental setup......Page 532 3.1. Rotation: quantum projection noise limit......Page 534 3.3. Long term sensitivity: laser wave front distortions......Page 535 4.1. Variation with the rotation rate......Page 537 5. Conculsion......Page 538 References......Page 539 1. Introduction......Page 540 2. Laser System......Page 541 3. Mechanical Setup......Page 543 4. Loading MOT and High Power Laser......Page 544 References......Page 545 1. Introduction......Page 546 2. Principle......Page 547 3.1. Setup......Page 548 3.2. Results......Page 549 References......Page 550 Part XIII: New Directions......Page 552 1. Introduction......Page 554 2.1. Active optical clocks with thermal atomic beam......Page 555 2.2. Active optical Clocks with Slowed Atomic Beam......Page 556 2.4. Active Optical Clocks with Trapped Atoms......Page 557 2.5. Potential Application of Active Optical Clock in Sub-natural line width Spectroscopy......Page 558 3. Summary......Page 559 References......Page 560 1. The low-lying isomer of 229Th......Page 561 2. Nuclear optical clock with trapped ions......Page 563 3. A solid-state nuclear frequency standard......Page 565 References......Page 566 1. Introduction......Page 568 2. Modulational instability in a WGM resonator......Page 570 3. Forced nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE)......Page 576 3.2. An approximate solution of the forced NLSE......Page 577 4. Discussion......Page 582 References......Page 585 2. Quantum clock synchronization......Page 588 3. Non-local frequency comparison......Page 589 4. Conclusion......Page 590 References......Page 591 List of Participants......Page 594