French Women Orientalist Artists, 18611956: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Depictions of Difference (Routledge Research in Gender and Art)

This book is the first full-length study dedicated to French women Orientalist artists. Mary Kelly has gathered primary documentation relating to seventy-two women artists whose works of art can be placed in the canon of French Orientalism between 1861 and 1956. Bringing these artists together for the first time and presenting close contextual analyses of works of art, attention is given to artists’ cross-cultural interactions with painted/sculpted representations of the Maghreb particularly in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.Using an interdisciplinary ‘open platform of discussion’ approach, Kelly builds on established theory which places emphases on the gendered gaze. This entails a discussion on women’s painted perspectives of and contacts with Muslim women as well as various Maghrebi cultures and land—all the while remaining mindful of the subject position of the French artist and the problematic issues which can arise when discussing European-made ‘ethnographic’ scenes. Kelly argues that French women’s perspectives of the Maghreb differed from the male gaze and were informed by their artistic training and social positions in Europe. In so doing, French women’s socio-cultural modernity is also examined. Moreover, executed between 1861 and 1956, the works of art presented show influences of Modernism; therefore, this book also pays close attention to progressive Realism and Naturalism in art and the Orientalist shift into Modernist subject matter and form. Through this research into French women Orientalists, Kelly engages with important discussions on the crossing view of the historical female other with the cultural other, artistic hybridity and influence in art as well as the postcolonial response to French activities in colonial Algeria and the protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco.On giving focus to women’s art and the impact of cross-cultural interchanges, this book rethinks Orientalism in French art. This book will be of particular interest to scholars in the history of art, gender studies, history, and Middle Eastern and North African studies__.__ This book is the first full-length study dedicated to French women Orientalist artists. Mary Kelly has gathered primary documentation relating to seventy-two women artists whose works of art can be placed in the canon of French Orientalism between 1861 and 1956. Bringing these artists together for the first time and presenting close contextual analyses of works of art, attention is given to artists’ cross-cultural interactions with painted/sculpted representations of the Maghreb particularly in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Using an interdisciplinary ‘open platform of discussion’ approach, Kelly builds on established theory which places emphases on the gendered gaze. This entails a discussion on women’s painted perspectives of and contacts with Muslim women as well as various Maghrebi cultures and land—all the while remaining mindful of the subject position of the French artist and the problematic issues which can arise when discussing European-made ‘ethnographic’ scenes. Kelly argues that French women’s perspectives of the Maghreb differed from the male gaze and were informed by their artistic training and social positions in Europe. In so doing, French women’s socio-cultural modernity is also examined. Moreover, executed between 1861 and 1956, the works of art presented show influences of Modernism; therefore, this book also pays close attention to progressive Realism and Naturalism in art and the Orientalist shift into Modernist subject matter and form. Through this research into French women Orientalists, Kelly engages with important discussions on the crossing view of the historical female other with the cultural other, artistic hybridity and influence in art as well as the postcolonial response to French activities in colonial Algeria and the protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. On giving focus to women’s art and the impact of cross-cultural interchanges, this book rethinks Orientalism in French art. This book will be of particula Cover 1 Half Title 2 Series Page 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication Page 6 Table of Contents 8 List of Illustrations 10 Acknowledgements 14 Introduction 18 Defining ‘Orientalism’ 19 Locating Women Orientalists: empirical research and the Salons of Paris 21 ‘Open platform of discussion’: an approach to the heterogeneous Orientalist debate 24 Ways of seeing: the gendered gaze upon the historical ‘Orient’ 30 1 Marie Elisabeth Aimée Lucas-Robiquet (1858-1959): Interior Depictions of Maghrebi Weavers 46 Artist biography 48 North African weaver paintings 53 2 Interior Representations of Maghrebi Women 76 ‘Oriental women’ in the interior: stereotypical representations in European art and the political debate 77 From academic to modern: women Orientalists’ renderings of interior female spaces 86 The paradoxes of painting ‘the Muslim woman behind the veil’ 113 3 Describing the Maghrebi Exterior: Women Orientalists’ Depictions of Life and Landscape 132 The political dilemma of painting the exterior Maghrebi world 137 The Maghrebi exterior world as described by women Orientalists: from the rural desert to the urban city 142 Rural nomadic life: French women’s painted and sculpted representations 143 Rural village and town life: the legacy of Dinet’s ‘outsider sensibility’ 154 Urban city life: artists’ search for ‘Oriental’ naturalism in the midst of modernisation 170 4 Modernism in the Works of French Women Orientalists 189 Early twentieth-century modernist Orientalists 189 Women Orientalists and the avant-garde: treatment of the female figure and space by means of modernist form 191 Conclusion 211 Bibliography 217 Index 235 "This book is the first full-length study dedicated to French women Orientalist artists. Mary Kelly has gathered primary documentation relating to seventy-two women artists whose works of art can be placed in the canon of French Orientalism between 1861 and 1956. Bringing these artists together for the first time and presenting close contextual analyses of works of art, attention is given to artists' cross-cultural interactions with painted/sculpted representations of the Maghreb particularly in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Using an interdisciplinary 'open platform of discussion' approach, Kelly builds on established theory which places emphases on the gendered gaze. This entails a discussion on women's painted perspectives of and contacts with Muslim women as well as various Maghrebi cultures and land-all the while remaining mindful of the subject position of the French artist and the problematic issues which can arise when discussing European-made 'ethnographic' scenes. Kelly argues that French women's perspectives of the Maghreb differed from the male gaze and were informed by their artistic training and social positions in Europe. In so doing, French women's socio-cultural modernity is also examined. Moreover, executed between 1861 and 1956, the works of art presented show influences of Modernism; therefore, this book also pays close attention to progressive Realism and Naturalism in art and the Orientalist shift into Modernist subject matter and form. Through this research into French women Orientalists, Kelly engages with important discussions on the crossing view of the historical female other with the cultural other, artistic hybridity and influence in art as well as the postcolonial response to French activities in colonial Algeria and the protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. On giving focus to women's art and the impact of cross-cultural interchanges, this book rethinks Orientalism in French art. This book will be of particular interest to scholars in the History of Art, Gender Studies, History, and Middle Eastern and North African Studies"-- Provided by publisher Only one female artist, Henriette Browne 1829-1901, has been recognised in the canon of French Orientalist art. Beyond Browne, existing scholarship has not given due consideration to the impact of female art on French Orientalism; as a result women artists have been omitted from the Orientalist canon in France. Through empirical research, Mary Healy has databased primary documents relating to eighty-six women artists whose works of art can be placed in the canon of French Orientalism between 1860 and 1968. Many of these women, such as Marie Lucas-Robiquet (1858-1959) and Jeanne Thil (1887-1968), were highly successful artists in their day; yet, today, little to nothing is known about their artistic contributions. 'Forgotten French Women Orientalist Artists 1860-1968: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Western Depictions of Difference' is the first full-length study dedicated to these women artists and the analyses of their Orientalist works of art. In addition to building on existing Orientalist scholarship, the database of French women Orientalists forms the basis of new theoretical frameworks which cross the disciplines of art history, culture studies and representation, colonial history, gender studies and post-colonial theory. Utilising an interdisciplinary approach in the interpretation of women's art, Healy not only aims to re-evaluate the field of French Orientalism, but also to contribute new art historical findings concerning east/west cross-cultural dialogues at the intersection of gender and cultural difference Marie Élisabeth Aimée Lucas-Robiquet (1858-1959): interior depictions of Maghrebi weavers -- Interior representations of Maghrebi women -- Describing the Maghrebi exterior: women Orientalists' depictions of life and landscape -- Modernism in the works of French women Orientalists