زیست‌شناسی رادیکال‌های آزاد و اختلالات غدد درون‌ریز، متابولیک و ایمنی

This reference explores the science of signaling mechanisms associated with diseases like endocrine, metabolic, and immune disorders which are linked to oxidative stress-mediated disease mechanisms. The common diseases in these categories include diabetes mellitus and arthritis and conditions defined by inflammation and autoimmunity. These diseases involve metabolic pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species or free radicals. The pathways are targets in the mechanism of drugs that aim to treat related disorders. The book covers key topics in free radical biology that help to understand the nature of the pathways and the pharmacology of the drugs that are designed to target them. 5 chapters elucidate the free radical biology of the diseases. 1. Role of free radical biology in diabetes mellitus 2. Role of GSK3 in the regulation of insulin release and glucose metabolism 3. Regulatory role of NRF2 in rheumatoid arthritis 4. Role of free radical biology in Alzheimer’s disease 5. Regulatory role of immune cells mediated antibody on rheumatoid arthritis Key features: - Elucidates the key biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms that are mediated by free radicals in common endocrine, metabolic and immune diseases - Explains the activation of immunological factors (like RF and ACPA) that trigger inflammation and arthritis - Covers the role of free radicals in Alzheimer’s disease and new interventions that target mitochondrial mechanisms - Systematically explains the molecular biology of free radicals with the help of schematic diagrams - Includes references for further reading The accessible and structured text in this reference makes it a suitable resource for all biomedical scientists, faculty, and postgraduate students in academia and industry. Cover 1 Title 2 Copyright 3 End User License Agreement 4 Contents 6 Foreword 10 Preface 11 REFERENCES 11 Acknowledgements 13 List of Contributors 14 Free Radical Biology of Diabetes Mellitus 16 Bidita Khandelwal1,*, Chamma Gupta2, Levin Thomas3, Sonal Sekhar Miraj3, Mahadev Rao3, Rubi Dey4, Karma Gurmey Dolma5, Rinchen Doma Bhutia2 and Vijay Pratap Singh6 16 INTRODUCTION-FREE RADICALS 17 HISTORY ON THE CONCEPT OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM 18 CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS 20 Types of Free Radicals 20 GENERATION/SOURCE OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS 22 BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND OXIDANTS 22 OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO DNA, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS 23 OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPID 24 OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO PROTEIN 24 OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE 25 FREE RADICALS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND ANTIOXIDANTS IN DIABETES MELLITUS 26 Overview 26 Diabetes Mellitus 26 Diabetes Mellitus and Free Radical 27 Free Radicals: Molecular Mechanism of Production and Mode of Action in DM 27 Increased Glycolysis and β-cell Dysfunction 27 Increased Polyol/sorbitol Pathway Flux 28 Glucose Auto-oxidation 28 Glycosylation 28 OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES MELLITUS 28 Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus 29 Lipid Peroxidation 29 β-cell Dysfunction 29 Inflammatory Processes 29 GLUT-4 Down Regulation and/or Localization 30 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 30 Impairment of the Normal Insulin Signaling Pathways 30 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in DM 31 Antioxidant Supplementation- Advantages and Inconveniences 31 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) 32 Concepts of Functional Food and Nutraceuticals 32 Natural 34 Artificial 35 YOGA, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 36 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 37 Antioxidants Rich Diet 37 Exercise 37 Medicinal Plants 37 Vitamins, Micronutrients, and Probiotics Supplementation 38 Antioxidants Supplementation for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications 38 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 38 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 39 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 39 ABBREVIATIONS 39 REFERENCES 41 Role of GSK-3 in the Regulation of Insulin Release and Glucose Metabolism 57 Debjeet Sur1, Pallab Kanti Haldar2, Himangshu Sekhar Maji3, Ashok Kumar Balaraman4, Lopamudra Roy5 and Asis Bala1,* 57 INTRODUCTION 58 PROPERTIES AND REGULATION OF GSK-3 58 STRUCTURE OF GSK-3β 59 ROLE OF GSK-3 IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INSULIN SIGNALLING 61 ROLE OF GSK-3 IN INSULIN RESISTANCE 63 ROLE OF GSK-3 IN GLUT4 REGULATION 64 REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION IN T2DM BY GSK-3 65 ROLE OF GSK-3 IN β-CELL APOPTOSIS 65 DESIGNING OF GSK-3 INHIBITOR 66 GSK-3 INHIBITORS: CURRENT STATUS 66 CONCLUSION 68 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 69 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 ABBREVIATIONS 69 REFERENCES 71 The Regulatory Role of NRF-2 in Rheumatoid Arthritis 78 Satyajit Tripathy1, Barsha Dassarma1, Mohammed Alsaweed2 and Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa1,* 78 INTRODUCTION 79 NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR-2 (NRF-2) AND REGULATION 79 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND PROTECTIVE MECHANISM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) 85 CONTROL OF RA BY NRF-2 INDUCER 87 DIFFERENT NRF-2 INDUCERS AND THEIR POSSIBLE MODE OF ACTION 88 Sulforaphan (SFN) 88 Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 88 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 89 Antirheumatic gold(I) 89 15d-PGJ2 90 Allylpyrocatechol (APC) 90 NRF-2 INHIBITOR: INHIBITION ON KEAP-1- NRF-2 SYSTEM 91 EXPRESSIONS OF DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 92 NRF-2/HO-1 SIGNALLING IN THE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 93 CONCLUSION 96 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 97 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 97 REFERENCES 97 Free Radical Biology in Alzheimer's Disease 110 Samrat Singh Bhandari1,*, Nileswar Das2 and Vatsala Sharma3 110 INTRODUCTION 110 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AD PATHOGENESIS 111 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND RISK FACTORS FOR AD 113 Genetic Factor 113 Aging 114 Hypoxia 114 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 115 OXIDATIVE STRESS PROMOTES THE PROGRESSION OF AD 116 PRODUCTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS FURTHER EXACERBATE AD 117 Products of Lipid Oxidation 117 Products of Protein Oxidation 118 Products of Glycoxidation 118 ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ROLES IN AD 119 CONCLUSION 121 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 122 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 122 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 122 REFERENCES 122 Regulatory Role of Immune Cell-mediated Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis 128 Debanjana Das1, Sumit Kumar2, Asis Bala3 and Chaitali Mondal4,* 128 INTRODUCTION 128 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 130 AUTOANTIBODIES 132 RHEUMATOID FACTOR (RF) 133 ANTI CITRULLINATED PROTEIN ANTIBODY (ACPA) 134 ANTI CARBAMYLATED PROTEIN ANTIBODIES (ANTI-CARP) 135 ANTI-ACETYLATED PROTEIN ANTIBODIES (ACPA) 136 ANTIGLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE ANTIBODIES (ANTI-GPI) 136 NATURAL AND PATHOGENIC ANTIBODIES (NABS) 137 ANTI-CALPASTATIN ANTIBODIES 137 ANTI-P68 ANTIBODIES OR HEAVY CHAIN BINDING PROTEIN AUTOANTIBODIES (BIP) 138 ANTI-SA ANTIBODIES 138 ANTI-RA33 ANTIBODIES 138 ANTIKERATINE ANTIBODIES (AKA) 139 ANTIPERINUCLEAR FACTOR (APF) 139 ANTIFILAGGRIN 139 ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES (ANCA) 139 ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIGEN ANTIBODIES (ANA) 140 ANTI-COLLAGEN TYPE II ANTIBODIES 140 ANTI-FIBRONECTIN ANTIBODIES 140 OTHER AUTOANTIBODIES 140 EXPERT OPINION ON REGULATORY ROLE OF IMMUNE CELL MEDIATED ANTIBODIES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 141 CONCLUSION 142 CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION 143 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 143 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 143 IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS 143 REFERENCES 143 Subject Index 155 This reference explores the science of signaling mechanisms associated with diseases like endocrine, metabolic and immune disorders which are linked to oxidative stress mediated disease mechanisms. The common diseases in these categories include diabetes mellitus and arthritis and conditions defined by inflammation and autoimmunity. These diseases involve metabolic pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species or free radicals. The pathways are targets in the mechanism of drugs which aim to treat related disorders. The book covers key topics in free radical biology that help to understand the nature of the pathways and the pharmacology of the drugs that are designed to target them.5 chapters elucidate the free radical biology of the diseases.1. Role of free radical biology in diabetes mellitus2. Role of GSK3 in regulation of insulin release and glucose metabolism3. Regulatory role of NRF2 in rheumatoid arthritis4. Role of free radical biology in Alzheimer's disease5. Regulatory role of immune cells mediated antibody on rheumatoid arthritis Key features:- Elucidates the key biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms that are mediated by free radicals in common endocrine, metabolic and immune diseases- Explains the activation of immunological factors (like RF and ACPA) that trigger inflammation and arthritis- Covers the role of free radicals in Alzheimer's disease and new interventions that target mitochondrial mechanisms- Systematically explains the molecular biology of free radicals with the help of schematic diagrams - Includes references for further reading The accessible and structured text in this reference make it a suitable resource for all biomedical scientists, faculty and postgraduate students in academia and industry.