Fourth E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at Stresa, Italy, 10–14 May, 1982

This paper is written in the belief that people are important and that equipment is to serve the needs of the people and therefore should be designed to meet their specific needs and environment. This is particularly important in the case of a developing country when a professional engineer accepts the responsibility to formulate policies evaluate equipment imple­ ment projects and train national people. 1. Government, geography and climate Papua New Guinea, an independent and self governing state since 1975, is located directly North of Australia above the North Eastern State of Queensland. The country extends from 141° east longitude, at the border with Indonesia (Irian Jaya) to 160° east longitude and between latitudes 1° and 12° south (see figure 1). Papua New Guinea is a parliamentary democracy, with a single legis­ lature known as the National Parliament (1). The State is divided into 19 provinces plus the National Capital District (Port Moresby) with de­ centralized Government established in each province. Before independence the country comprised the Australian territory of Papua in the southern regions and the United Nations Trust Territory of New Guinea in the North (1). Land area is 462,840 square kilometres This inclUdes the mainland, the three large islands of New Britain, ~ew Ireland and fiougainville plus 600 small islands and archipelagos. Approximate direct distances from the capital city of Port Moresby to some of the other centres are : Vanimo 990 km, Rabaul SOO km, Arawa 990 km and Lorengau S25 km. Front Matter....Pages I-XXXIV Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Overview of the European Community’s Activities in Photovoltaics....Pages 3-8 The Italian Programme in Photovoltaic Solar Energy....Pages 9-12 Opening Address The ENEL’s Programmes in the Field of Photovoltaic Conversion....Pages 13-16 Opening Address CNR Programme for Photovoltaics....Pages 17-19 United States Federal Photovoltaic Program Status....Pages 20-27 Front Matter....Pages 29-29 Application Trends for Photovoltaics....Pages 30-39 The Potential for Photovoltaics in Europe....Pages 40-50 The Behaviour of Large Solar Power Stations in the Swiss Alps....Pages 51-56 Design, Installation, and Initial Performance of 350-KW Photovoltaic Power System for Saudi Arabian Villages....Pages 57-66 The Photovoltaic-Powered Water Desalination Plant ’SORO’ — Design, Start Up, Operating Experience....Pages 67-73 The UNDP World Bank Solar Pump Project — Preparing for Phase II....Pages 74-80 Installation Et Evaluation D’un Systeme Simple De Pompage Photovoltaique Dans Un Village Algerien....Pages 81-85 Front Matter....Pages 87-88 Advanced System Design for Solar Power Plants....Pages 89-93 The Mississippi County Community College Large-Scale Demonstration Project a Success Story....Pages 94-96 T I S O 15 15 kW Experimental Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant....Pages 97-100 Photovoltaic Retrofit Feasibility in the United States....Pages 101-105 Experiments on Combined Photovoltaic-Aeolian Electric Generation in a Residential Stand-Alone System....Pages 106-110 Simulations of the Energy Performance of a Solar Photovoltaic Residence and Hybrid Electric Automobile in Fresno, California....Pages 111-114 Alicudi Project....Pages 115-119 A Successful Integration of Solar Energy in African Life: Kolokani, Mali....Pages 120-124 Front Matter....Pages 87-88 Application and Experience of Photovoltaic Pumps for Irrigation in Pakistan....Pages 125-129 Development and Testing of a Submersible Motor Pump Driven by a Solar Cell Generator....Pages 130-134 Solar Generator Performance with Load Matching to Water Electrolysis Longterm Averages and Range of Instantaneous Efficiencies....Pages 135-138 Photovoltaic Power for Walk-In Coolers....Pages 139-143 Technical and Economic Requirements for Small-Scale Photovoltaic Refrigerators....Pages 144-150 Residential Applications of Photovoltaics in the United States....Pages 151-155 Front Matter....Pages 157-157 Performance Testing and Module Monitoring at the EC: Necessary Steps to Develop Cost-Effective PV, Modules....Pages 158-168 Reliability and Performance Experience with Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules....Pages 169-178 Operational Experience with Intermediate Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Systems....Pages 179-183 Operational Experience with a 35-KWP Concentrating Photovoltaic System....Pages 184-188 Solar Photovoltaic Systems in the Development of Papua New Guinea....Pages 189-202 Field Trial of Rural Solar Photovoltaic System....Pages 203-209 Front Matter....Pages 211-211 Study of a Photovoltaic Concentrating System Like “SOPHOCLE” in Fluctuating Mode....Pages 212-216 Performance of 1 KW Peak Concentrating Photovoltaic Array....Pages 217-221 Photovoltaic Concentrator Module Characterization....Pages 222-226 Results from a Test Facility for Solar Cells in Sweden....Pages 227-231 A Microprocessor-Based Instrument for Automatic Solar Cell Characterization....Pages 232-236 Front Matter....Pages 237-237 Subsystem Engineering and Development of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems....Pages 238-247 Array Structures for Fixed Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Power Generators....Pages 248-257 Inverters for PV Plants Feeding the Electrical Network of Small Isolated Communities....Pages 258-267 Front Matter....Pages 269-269 A Support Structure for Intermediate PV Solar Plant....Pages 270-274 Low Cost Modular Designs for Photovoltaic Array Fields....Pages 275-279 The Photovoltaic Solar System, Analysis and Basic Design Rules....Pages 280-285 A Detailed Package of Digital Codes Specially Developed for the Array Design....Pages 286-290 Analysis of Hot-Spot-Effects in Encapsulated Photovoltaic Generators by Laser Scan and Partial Shadowing....Pages 291-295 Reverse Bias Power Dissipation of Shadowed or Faulty Cells in Different Array Configurations....Pages 296-300 Disequilibriums in Series Connected Solar Cells....Pages 301-306 Minimum Cost of Photovoltaic Energy for a Utility Grid and General Features of a Generating Plant Using Costless Solar Cells....Pages 307-311 A DC/AC Modular Interface for Photovoltaic Systems....Pages 312-315 Simple Transformerless Inverter with Automatic Grid-Tracking and Negligible Harmonic Content for Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Systems....Pages 316-319 Regulated Converter Circuit for Direct Photovoltaic Energy Feedback into the Power Grid....Pages 320-324 Power Conditioning in Solar Photovoltaic Array Applications....Pages 325-329 Mismatch between Batteries and Two Module Types P.V. Arrays Interest of D.C.-D.C. Converters....Pages 330-334 Matching the Characteristics of Batteries with Solar Cell Modules....Pages 335-339 Calculation to Improve Power Conversion Efficiency in Photovoltaic Systems....Pages 340-344 Front Matter....Pages 345-345 Flat Plate Module Technology — Overview....Pages 346-352 AM/PM: The Rating System for Photovoltaic Modules....Pages 353-361 Front Matter....Pages 363-363 Recent Progress in Terrestrial Photovoltaic Collector Technology....Pages 364-368 Low-Cost Solar Array Progress and Plans....Pages 369-373 An All Glass Encapsulation of Solar Cells Using Silk-Screening Techniques....Pages 374-376 Front Matter....Pages 363-363 Laminated Modules with New Plastic Material Based on an Ethylene-Vinylacetate Copolymer....Pages 377-381 Design and Development of a Module for the EEC PV Pilot Plants....Pages 382-386 Module Design for EC Pilot Projects....Pages 387-391 Solar Cells Failure Modes and Improvement of Reverse Characteristics....Pages 392-398 Fabrication of Large Area Cu 2 S/CdS Thin Film Solar Modules....Pages 399-403 Front Contacts for Large Area High Efficiency Cu 2 S-CdS Solar Cells....Pages 404-408 Front Matter....Pages 409-409 Solid Solubility and Precipitation of Phosphorus and Arsenic in Silicon Solar Cells Front Layer....Pages 410-420 Grain Boundaries and Intragrain Defects Dependence of Local and Global Electronic and Photovoltaic Properties of CGE Polysilicon....Pages 421-426 Gas Immersion Laser Diffusion: A New Method for Making Efficient Si Solar Cells....Pages 427-431 Validity of the Effective Lifetime Concept in Polycrystalline Silicon....Pages 432-436 Study of the Grain Boundary Effects in N-P Junction Polycrystalline Si Solar Cells....Pages 437-442 Studies of the Gap States Density in Undoped and Doped Amorphous Hydrogenated Silicon....Pages 443-447 Influence of Light Exposure on the Transport Properties of a-Si:H Films....Pages 448-452 Pulsed Electron Beam Annealing of Ion Implanted Germanium for Photovoltaic Devices....Pages 453-458 Recent Advances in ITO/InP and CdS/InP Solar Cells....Pages 459-464 Intensity Enhancement in Textured Optical Sheets for Solar Cells....Pages 465-476 Spectrum Shifting Methods in Photovoltaics: An Evaluation of Model Systems....Pages 477-481 Front Matter....Pages 483-484 Extrema of Majority and Minority Carrier Quasi Fermi Levels in in p-n Junction Solar Cells....Pages 485-487 High-Blocked Heterojunction and Schotiky Barrier Solar Cells....Pages 488-491 Computer-Aided-Characterization of the Illuminated and Dark Current Voltage Characteristics of Solar Cells....Pages 492-497 Front Matter....Pages 483-484 Non Linear Model for Shunt Current in Terrestrial Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 498-502 Non-Linear Increase and Decrease of Open Circuit Voltage of n+-p-p+ Silicon Solar Cells at High Illumination Level....Pages 503-510 Series Resistance Analysis of Concentrator Cells under High Injection Conditions....Pages 511-515 The Influence of Grain-Boundary Recombination and Grain Size on the I(V)-Characteristics of Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 516-521 Diffusion Length of Minority Carriers in Scanning Electron Beam Annealed Silicon....Pages 522-526 Pathology of Solar Cell Contacts....Pages 527-531 Design of Stable Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) Solar Cells by Oxide Thickness Compensation....Pages 532-536 Study of Gap States in a-Si:H by Transient Current Spectroscopy....Pages 537-541 Highly Conductive Boron Doped Si-Layers Prepared by Plasma Decomposition of SiH 4 ....Pages 542-545 A Model for Analysis of Optical Measurements Carried on a-Si:H Films for Photovoltaic Applications....Pages 546-550 The Assessment of Thin Film Cu x S-CdS Solar Cells Using Cathodoluminescence Techniques....Pages 551-556 Photovoltaic Effect in SnTe/CdTe Junctions....Pages 557-561 Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Polyacetylene....Pages 562-567 Compositional Analysis of CuInS 2 Chalcopyrite Semiconductor....Pages 568-573 Studies On CdS/n-InP Pec Solar Cells....Pages 574-578 Front Matter....Pages 579-579 Advanced Photovoltaic Devices....Pages 580-590 High Efficiency GaAs Solar Cells for Concentrator and Flat Plate Arrays....Pages 591-599 Photovoltaic Concentrator Technology in the USA....Pages 600-605 Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC); Technical and Economic Requirements for a Residential System....Pages 606-610 Recent Progress in a Residential Solar Energy System Development....Pages 611-615 Front Matter....Pages 579-579 High Efficiency Tandem Type Solar Cells Consisting of a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H....Pages 616-620 High Efficiency Shallow p + nn + Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells....Pages 621-626 Front Matter....Pages 627-627 The Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Program in the United States....Pages 628-637 Influence of Plasma Si-Nttride Deposition on the Dark I-V Curves of MIS Contacts for Inversion Layer Solar Cells....Pages 638-642 Limitations of the Open Circuit Voltage of Induced Junction Silicon Solar Cells Due to Surface Recombination....Pages 643-647 Some Comments On Sprayed Ito/Semiconductor Solar Cells....Pages 648-653 Role of Photoluminescence in the Efficiency of a Ga 1-x Al x As-GaAs Solar Cell....Pages 654-658 Operating Characteristics of Thin Thermophotovoltaic Cells with Minority Carrier Mirrors and Optical Mirrors Using Selective Radiators of Erbium and Ytterbium Oxides....Pages 659-665 Lambertian Analysis of Mirrors and Fresnel Lenses for Solar Concentration....Pages 666-670 750 Suns Concentrator Modules Using GaAs Solar Cells....Pages 671-676 A 500 W PK Photovoltaic Concentrator Using a Glass Laminated Metal Membrane Reflector....Pages 677-681 Fluorescent Planar Concentrator (FPC) Monte-Carlo Computer Model Limit Efficiency and Latest Experimental Results....Pages 682-686 Front Matter....Pages 687-687 Physical Limitations of Present Thin Film Solar Cells....Pages 688-697 8% Efficiency a-SiC:H/a-Si:H Heterojunction Solar Cells....Pages 698-703 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Produced by a Consecutive, Separated Reaction Chamber Method....Pages 704-708 Charge Collection in a-Si:H Solar Cells....Pages 709-713 The Effect of Glow Discharge Excitation Frequency on the Performance of Microcrystalltne Si:H Thin Films and Devices....Pages 714-718 Electrodetosited CdS/CdTe Heterojunction Solar Cells....Pages 719-726 Thin Film Heterojunction CdS/Cu Ternary Alloys Solar Cells with Minority Carrier Mirrors....Pages 727-731 Large Area CdS/Cu x S Thin Film Solar Cells Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition....Pages 732-736 Front Matter....Pages 687-687 Sprayed Zinc-Cadmium Sulfide Films for Backwall Cu 2 S/(ZnCd)S Cells....Pages 737-741 Front Matter....Pages 743-744 Large Area and High Efficiency a-Si:H Solar Cell....Pages 745-748 Post-Hydrogenated CVD Amorphous Silicon p-i-n Diodes for Photovoltaic Applications....Pages 749-753 Stability of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells with pin Structure....Pages 754-758 Carrier Conduction in a-Si:H Solar Cells....Pages 759-763 Optical Optimization of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 764-768 Large Area Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon for Photovoltaic Application....Pages 769-772 Novel Plasma Chemical Methods for Doping a-Si:H....Pages 773-777 Electronic Properties of Doped Amorphous SiO x ....Pages 778-782 Antimony Doping in Vacuum Deposited Thin Film Silicon Photovoltaic Cells....Pages 783-787 Photovoltaic Performance of CdS Heterojunctions on Polycrystalline Silicon....Pages 788-792 Temperature Dependence of the IV-Characteristic of Cu 2 S-CdS Thin Film Solar Cells and Related Phenomena....Pages 793-797 Continuous Deposition Of Photovoltaic Grade CdS Sheet at the Unit Operations Scale....Pages 798-803 Cu x S(p) — CdZnS(n) — CdS(n + ) Evaporated Thin Film Solar Cells....Pages 804-808 Thin Film Cu 2 S/CdS Junctions Produced by Evaporation and Sputtering: Effect of Thermal Treatments in Vacuum....Pages 809-817 Airless Sprayed CdS Solar Cells....Pages 818-821 Electrochemical Preparation and Conditioning of Cu 2 S for Cu 2 S-CdS Solar Cells....Pages 822-826 Physico-Chemical Properties of Cu X S....Pages 827-830 Photovoltaic Behaviour of CdSe Thin Film Solar Cells....Pages 831-835 “All Thin Film n-CdTe/ITO Solar Cell”....Pages 836-838 Front Matter....Pages 743-744 Preparation of High Purity II-VI Compounds by User Annealing....Pages 839-843 Zn 3 P 2 Thin-Film Solar Cells....Pages 844-847 Cadmium Sulfide Polyacetylene Photovoltaic Hererojunction....Pages 848-852 Antimony Sulphide Thin Films....Pages 853-856 Front Matter....Pages 857-857 Progress in Unconventional Crystallization of Silicon....Pages 858-867 Production of Solar Grade Silicon in an Arc Furnace Using High Purity Starting Materials....Pages 868-873 Segregation of Impurities at Grain Boundaries and Other Compositional Inhomogeneities in Chill-Casted Silicon Ingots....Pages 874-882 Advanced Slicing Techniques....Pages 883-895 Continuous Growth of Thin Polysilicon Sheets on a Temporary Carbon Shaper by the R.A.D. Process....Pages 896-900 Possibilities of Ion Implantation in Silicon Solar Cell Manufacturing....Pages 901-918 Low Cost Processes for Cast Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 919-925 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Utilizing an Integral Screen Printing Technique....Pages 926-930 Photovoltaic Solar Cell Comparison Methodology....Pages 931-937 Front Matter....Pages 939-940 Aluminothermic Reduction of Quartz Sand....Pages 941-945 Solar Grade Floating-Zone Silicon....Pages 946-954 Current Aspects of the C.G.E. Semicrystalline Silicon Ingots Elaboration Method....Pages 955-959 An Approach to Solargrade Silicon Layers Epitaxially Grown on Mg Silicon Substrates....Pages 960-964 Method of Raw Material Continuous Feeding on Silicon Ribbon Growth....Pages 965-969 Impurity Incorporation in R.A.D. Polysilicon Layers and Consequences on their Electrical Properties....Pages 970-975 Fast Silicon-Sheet Growth with the Supported-Web Method....Pages 976-979 Front Matter....Pages 939-940 Recent Developments in Multi-Wire Fixed Abrasive Slicing Technique (Fast)....Pages 980-984 Critical Technology Limits to Silicon Material and Sheet Production....Pages 985-989 Economic Viability of the Ucp Semicrystalline Silicon Sheet Technology....Pages 990-993 Comparison between Various Ion Beam Doping Procedures and Anneal Techniques Used in Manufacturing Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 994-998 Status of Ion-Implanted Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 999-1006 Optimization of Pulsed Electron Beam Annealing Process for Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 1007-1012 Silicon Solar Cells by Ion Implantation; E-Beam and Self Annealing....Pages 1013-1017 An Automated Ion Implant/Pulse Anneal Machine for Low Cost Silicon Cell Production....Pages 1018-1022 Laser Processing in the Preparation of High Efficiency Polycristalline Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 1023-1028 The Influence of Surface Texture and Thermal Treatment on the Performance of Laser-Annealed Silicon Solar Cells....Pages 1029-1033 Implantation of Boron and Boron Fluoride Compounds into Silicon for Production of Solar Cells....Pages 1034-1038 Grain Boundary Photocurrent Enhancement in Solar Cells Made by Laser Diffusion....Pages 1039-1043 Dry Process for Economic Cell Manufacturing....Pages 1044-1048 Low-Cost Structures and Optimization of Support Structures....Pages 1050-1052 Screen Printed Sis-Type Solar Cells....Pages 1053-1055 An Improved Derivation of Solar Cell Parameters in Terms of Transition Probabilities....Pages 1056-1058 Impurity Diffusion in Amorphous Silicon and its Implications for Solar Cells....Pages 1059-1062 The World Largest 12Volt Single String Photovoltaic Module....Pages 1063-1064 Light Assisted Pulsed Annealing of Photovoltaic Silicon by Microwave Energy....Pages 1065-1067 Microprogrammed Coupling System for Photovoltaic Generators with Multiple Receptors....Pages 1068-1070 Back Matter....Pages 1071-1102