چهار موضوع اقتصادی برای مطالعات باستان: کشاورزی، تجارت، جمعیت و رفتار اقتصادهای کلان (بین‌المللی)

In this book Donald W. Jones presents a framework for how to approach four important topics that have held the attention of historians and archaeologists for decades. He offers intuitive but rigorous introductions to the contemporary economic theory and modelling dealing with agriculture, international trade, populations, and the behavior of aggregate economies. Familiarity with these models can offer nuanced insights into ancient economic behavior in data-poor as well as data-rich environments. Each chapter presents case studies from the literature of antiquity demonstrating how this could work and offering suggestions of topics where these models could be fruitfully explored. Cover Of Related Interest Acknowledgements Content 1. Four Topics of Consuming Interest 1.1 Interests and Developments in Agriculture, Trade, Population, and the Behavior of Aggregate Economies 1.2 How Economists Study Problems 1.3 Rationality, Preferences, Markets, Capitalism, and Modern Economic Theory 2. The Economics of Agriculture 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Why a Chapter on Agriculture? 2.1.2 Markets and “Markets” 2.1.3 Guide to the Chapter 2.2 The Farm House hold Model 2.2.1 Overview of the Farm Household Model 2.2.2 Causes of Non-Separable Production and Consumption Decisions 2.2.3 Consequences of Non-Separable Production and Consumption Decisions 2.3 Agricultural Production and Supply 2.3.1 Characterizing Agricultural Production 2.3.2 Agricultural Supply 2.3.3 Production when Output is Both a Consumption Good and a Capital Good 2.4 Farm Operation 2.4.1 What Kind of Area Are We Talking About? 2.4.2 Contract Choice: Who Decides What, Who Does What, and Who Gets What? 2.4.3 The Theory of Share Tenancy 2.4.4 Interlinked Transactions in Agrarian Economies: Land, Insurance, Labor, Credit 2.5 Agricultural Commodity Storage 2.6 The Theory of Famines 2.7 Open Access and Common Property Resources 2.8 Cases from Antiquity: Farming-Between the Plow and the Agreements 2.9 Using this Chapter’s Information: Archaeological Applications 2.9.1 Animal Bones 2.9.2 Agricultural Implements 2.9.3 Agricultural Plant Remains 2.9.4 Storage 2.9.5 Ancient Fields and Carrying Capacities 2.9.6 Other Applications 3. The Economics of International Trade 3.1 Problems and Models in International Trade 3.2 Gains from Trade 3.3 Theories of Trade 1. Differential Technology: The Ricardian Model 3.3.2 The Comparative Advantage Concept 3.3.3 Patterns of Trade 3.3.4 Effect of Trade on Factor Prices 3.3.5 Theories of Trade 2. The Specific Factors Model 3.3.6 Dutch Disease 3.2 Gains from Trade 3.3 Theories of Trade 1. Differential Technology: The Ricardian Model 3.3.1 Production in the Ricardian Model 3.3.2 The Comparative Advantage Concept 3.3.3 Patterns of Trade 3.3.4 Effect of Tradeon Factor Prices 3.3.5 Theories of Trade 2. The Specific Factors Model 3.3.6 Dutch Disease 3.4 Theories of Trade 3. Factor Endowments: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 3.4.1 The 2-Good, 2-Factor Model 3.4.2 Causes of Comparative Advantage 3.4.3 Factor Price Equalization 3.4.4 Effects of Factor Endowments on Production 3.4.5 Effects of Commodity Prices on Factor Prices 3.4.6 Many Goods and Factors 3.4.7 Nontraded and Intermediate Goods 3.4.8 Natural Resources 3.4.9 Transportation Costs 3.5 Theories of Trade 4. Intra-industry Trade in Differentiated Goods 3.6 Commercial Policy 3.6.1 Tariffs, Trade Subsidies, and Quotas 3.6.2 Effective Protection 3.6.3 Customs Unions 3.7 The Multinational Enterprise and Foreign Investment 3.7.1 The Perspective of the Individual Firm 3.7.2 Multinationals from the Perspective of an Entire Economy 3.7.3 Foreign Investment and International Capital Flows 3.7.4 The “Transfer Problem” 3.8 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments 3.8.1 Exchange Rates and Exchange Rate Regimes 3.8.2 The Balance of Payments Accounts 3.8.3 Trade and the Balance of Payments 3.8.4 Purchasing Power Parity 3.8.5 Exchange Rates, the Balance of Payments, and the International Distribution of Gold Money 3.9 Cases from Antiquity: Addressing Ancient Trade with International Trade Models 3.10 Suggestions for Using the Material of this Chapter 4. The Economics of Population 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Background 4.1.2 Rationale for The Chapter 4.1.3 Guide to the Chapter 4.2 Some Demographic Concepts 4.2.1 Some Common Demographic Measures 4.2.2 An Overview of the Model Life Table 4.2.3 Population Theory 4.2.4 Demographic Models and the Study of Ancient Populations 4.2.5 Two-Sex Problems and Models 4.2.6 Natural Fertility and Fertility 4.3 The Microeconomics of Fertility 4.3.1 The Issue of Choice 4.3.2 Factors Complicating the Basic Theory 4.3.3 The Chicago-Columbia Model 4.3.4 The Pennsylvania Model 4.3.5 The Malthusian Population Model 4.3.6 The Economics of Nuptiality 4.3.7 Mortality 4.3.8 The Family Setting of Fertility Decisions 4.4 Population Change, Model Life Tables, and Fertility Theory 4.4.1 Life-Table Approach to Population Catastrophes 4.4.2 Economic Approach to the Same Events 4.4.3 Identifying and Measuring Population Changes and their Consequences 4.5 Modeling Generations 4.5.1 The Over lapping Generations Model 4.5.2 The Structure of an OLG Model 4.6 Intergenerational Transfers 4.6.1 Utility-Maximizing Intergenerational Transfers at the Individual Level: Partial Equilibrium Analysis 4.6.2 Transfers in the Two-Period OLG Model 4.6.3 Transfers in an Economy-Wide Reallocation System: General Equilibrium Analysis of Inter generational Transfers 4.7 Population Growth and Economic Growth 4.7.1 Facts to Be Explained and Changing Explanatory Strategies 4.7.2 Hypotheses about Population and Technological Change 4.7.3 Endogenous Fertility in Models of Economic Growth 4.8 Concluding Thoughts 4.9 Cases from Antiquity: Exercising the Leslie Matrix with an Eye to Antiquity 4.10 Usingthis Chapter’s Information 5. The Behavior of Aggregate Economies: Macroeconomics 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 What is Macroeconomics? 5.1.2 Why a Chapter on Macroeconomics for Two to Five Millennia Ago? 5.2 National Income Accounting 5.3 The Length of Run: Business Cycles and Long Run Growth 5.3.1 The Short and Medium Run: Business Cycles 5.3.2 The Long Run: Growth 5.4 The Aggregate Markets: Goods, Financial, Labor 5.4.1 Goods 5.4.2 The Financial Market 5.4.3 Labor 5.4.4 Labor Market Equilibration and Wage Adjustment 5.5 The IS-LMModel 5.5.1 The IS Relation 5.5.2 The LM Relation 5.5.3 Equilibrium and Some Analyses 5.6 The AD-AS Model 5.6.1 Aggre gate Demand 5.6.2 Aggregate Supply 5.6.3 Equilibrium and Some Analyses 5.7 The Open Macroeconomy 5.7.1 The Variety of Cases 5.7.2 Exchange Rates 5.7.3 Balance of Payments Accounting Revisited 5.7.4 Saving and Investment in the Open Economy 5.7.5 Capital Mobility and Interest Rate Parity 5.8 Cases from Antiquity: The Financial Crisis of 33 C.E. 5.9 Using this Chapter’s Information: Historical, Philological, and Archaeological Applications 5.9.1 Accounting Systems 5.9.2 Roman Unemployment—A Natura lRate? 5.9.3 The Macroeconomics of the Peloponnesian War 5.9.4 The Economics of Enduring National Puzzles Back-cover In this book Donald W. Jones presents a framework for how to approach four important topics that have held the attention of historians and archaeologists for decades. He offers intuitive but rigorous introductions to the contemporary economic theory dealing with agriculture, international trade, populations, and the behavior of aggregate economies. Models of agriculture deal with circumstances in which some important markets may be missing or operate with poor information. International trade can have numerous motivations and involve different or similar types of goods. The trade chapter presents a wide array of these motivations as well as models of how various trade policies operate. The population chapter offers a concise presentation of basic demographic theory then presents two major, economic approaches to fertility. Several models of the interaction between population growth and economic growth are presented. The behavior of aggregate economies, sometimes called macroeconomics, involves decisions implemented over time and involves changes in price levels and inflation, employment and unemployment, and interest rates. The chapter shows how autarkic and open-economy models operate. Familiarity with these models can guide thinking in data-poor as well as data-rich environments, generating nuanced insights into ancient economic behavior. Each chapter presents some case studies from the literature of antiquity showing how the economic models can offer additional insights and offers suggestions of topics that could be explored fruitfully with these models