Foundations in microbiology : basic principles

Talaro/Chess: Foundations in Microbiology is an allied health microbiology text for non-science majors with a taxonomic approach to the disease chapters. It offers an engaging and accessible writing style through the use of tools such as case studies and analogies to thoroughly explain difficult microbiology concepts. We are so excited to offer a robust learning program with student-focused learning activities, allowing the student to manage their learning while you easily manage their assessment. Detailed reports show how your assignments measure various learning objectives from the book (or input your own!), levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy or other categories, and how your students are doing. The Talaro Learning program will save you time while improving your students success in this course. Users who purchase Connect Plus receive access to the full online ebook version of the textbook. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 26 CHAPTER 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology......Page 36 The Origins of Microorganisms......Page 37 The Cellular Organization of Microorganisms......Page 39 Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?......Page 40 Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow......Page 41 1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms......Page 43 1.4 Microbial Roles in Infectious Diseases......Page 45 1.5 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology......Page 46 The Development of the Microscope: “Seeing Is Believing”......Page 47 The Discovery of Spores and Sterilization......Page 51 The Levels of Classification......Page 53 Assigning Specific Names......Page 54 1.7 The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms......Page 55 Systems for Presenting a Universal Tree of Life......Page 56 CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Biology......Page 62 Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties......Page 63 The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics......Page 65 2.2 Bonds and Molecules......Page 66 Covalent Bonds: Molecules with Shared Electrons......Page 67 Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer among Atoms......Page 68 Electron Transfer and Oxidation–Reduction Reactions......Page 70 Formulas, Models, and Equations......Page 71 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures of Molecules......Page 72 Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale......Page 73 2.4 The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds......Page 74 2.5 Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates......Page 76 The Nature of Carbohydrate Bonds......Page 78 The Functions of Carbohydrates in Cells......Page 79 Miscellaneous Lipids......Page 80 2.7 Molecules of Life: Proteins......Page 82 Protein Structure and Diversity......Page 84 The Double Helix of DNA......Page 86 RNA: Organizers of Protein Synthesis......Page 87 ATP: The Energy Molecule of Cells......Page 88 CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory: Methods of Studying Microorganisms......Page 93 3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm......Page 94 Magnification and Microscope Design......Page 96 Variations on the Optical Microscope......Page 99 Electron Microscopy......Page 102 Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes......Page 104 3.3 Additional Features of the Six “I’s”......Page 109 Isolation Techniques......Page 110 Identification Techniques......Page 111 3.4 Media: Foundations of Culturing......Page 113 Physical States of Media......Page 114 Chemical Content of Media......Page 115 Media to Suit Every Function......Page 116 CHAPTER 4 A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms......Page 124 What Is Life?......Page 125 Cell Extensions and Surface Structures......Page 126 Basic Typed of Cell Envelopes......Page 132 Structure of Cell Walls......Page 133 Cell Membrane Structure......Page 136 Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm......Page 137 Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Life Form......Page 139 4.5 Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes......Page 141 Bacterial Taxonomy Based on Bergey’s Manual......Page 145 Free-Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria......Page 148 Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria......Page 152 Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes......Page 153 CHAPTER 5 A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms......Page 158 5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures......Page 159 Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella......Page 161 The Glycocalyx......Page 162 The Nucleus: The Control Center......Page 163 Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine......Page 164 Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell......Page 167 The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network......Page 168 Overview of Taxonomy......Page 169 5.5 The Kingdom of the Fungi......Page 170 Fungal Nutrition......Page 171 Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation......Page 173 Fungal Classification......Page 176 Fungi in Medicine, Nature, and Industry......Page 178 5.6 Survey of Protists: Algae......Page 179 The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists......Page 180 Protozoan Form and Function......Page 181 Protozoan Identification and Cultivation......Page 182 Important Protozoan Pathogens......Page 184 General Worm Morphology......Page 187 Life Cycles and Reproduction......Page 188 Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms......Page 189 CHAPTER 6 An Introduction to Viruses......Page 193 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum......Page 194 6.2 The General Structure of Viruses......Page 195 Size Range......Page 196 Viral Components: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes......Page 197 6.3 How Viruses Are Classified and Named......Page 202 Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses......Page 204 6.5 The Multiplication Cycle in Bacteriophages......Page 209 Lysogeny: The Silent Virus Infection......Page 210 Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques......Page 212 Using Bird Embryos......Page 213 6.7 Viral Infection, Detection, and Treatment......Page 214 6.8 Prions and Other Nonviral Infectious Particles......Page 215 CHAPTER 7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth......Page 220 7.1 Microbial Nutrition......Page 221 Classification of Nutritional Types......Page 223 Diffusion and Molecular Motion......Page 228 The Diffusion of Water: Osmosis......Page 229 Adaptations to Osmotic Variations in the Environment......Page 230 Endocytosis: Eating and Drinking by Cells......Page 231 7.3 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes......Page 233 Adaptations to Temperature......Page 234 Gas Requirements......Page 236 Effects of pH......Page 237 7.4 Ecological Associations among Microorganisms......Page 238 Interrelationships between Microbes and Humans......Page 241 The Rate of Population Growth......Page 242 Determinants of Population Growth......Page 244 Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth......Page 246 CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life......Page 252 Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life......Page 253 Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways......Page 260 Cell Energetics......Page 262 Energy Strategies in Microorganisms......Page 266 Aerobic Respiration......Page 268 The Krebs Cycle—A Carbon and Energy Wheel......Page 270 The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidation Phosphorylation......Page 272 Summary of Aerobic Respiration......Page 275 The Importance of Fermentation......Page 276 The Frugality of the Cell—Waste Not, Want Not......Page 279 Assembly of the Cell......Page 280 Light-Dependent Reactions......Page 282 Light-Independent Reactions......Page 283 Other Mechanisms of Photosynthesis......Page 284 CHAPTER 9 Microbial Genetics......Page 289 The Nature of the Genetic Material......Page 290 The Structure of DNA: A Double Helix with Its Own Language......Page 291 DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On......Page 294 The Gene-Protein Connection......Page 298 The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation......Page 299 Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression......Page 300 Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression......Page 302 Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar yet Different......Page 305 A Repressible Operon......Page 308 Non-Operon Control Mechanisms......Page 309 9.4 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code......Page 311 Causes of Mutations......Page 312 Repair of Mutations......Page 313 Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations......Page 314 Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria......Page 315 Replication Strategies in Animal Viruses......Page 321 CHAPTER 10 Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology......Page 326 Tools and Techniques of DNA Technology......Page 327 Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning......Page 336 Construction of a Recombinant, Insertion into a Cloning Host, and Genetic Expression......Page 337 Protein Products of Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 339 10.3 Genetically Modified Organisms......Page 340 Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses......Page 341 Recombination in Multicellular Organisms......Page 342 Gene Therapy......Page 344 DNA Technology as Genetic Medicine......Page 346 DNA Fingerprinting: A Unique Picture of a Genome......Page 347 CHAPTER 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control......Page 354 Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms......Page 355 Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control......Page 357 What Is Microbial Death?......Page 358 How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action......Page 360 11.2 Physical Methods of Control: Heat......Page 361 Effects of Temperature on Microbial Activities......Page 362 The Effects of Cold and Desiccation......Page 364 Modes of Action of Ionizing versus Nonionizing Radiation......Page 366 Ionizing Radiation: Gamma Rays, X Rays, and Cathode Rays......Page 367 Nonionizing Radiation: Ultraviolet Rays......Page 368 Applications of Filtration Sterilization......Page 369 11.5 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control......Page 370 Choosing a Microbicidal Chemical......Page 371 Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals......Page 372 Categories of Chemical Agents......Page 373 CHAPTER 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host—The Elements of Chemotherapy......Page 386 The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs......Page 387 Interactions between Drugs and Microbes......Page 389 Antibacterial Drugs That Act on the Cell Wall......Page 394 Drugs That Interfere with Protein Synthesis......Page 398 Drugs That Block Metabolic Pathways......Page 400 Antiparasitic Chemotherapy......Page 401 12.4 Interactions between Microbes and Drugs: The Acquisition of Drug Resistance......Page 405 Specific Mechanisms of Drug Resistance......Page 406 Natural Selection and Drug Resistance......Page 408 Toxicity to Organs......Page 409 Suppression and Alteration of the Microflora by Antimicrobials......Page 411 Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms......Page 412 The MIC and the Therapeutic Index......Page 414 Patient Factors in Choosing an Antimicrobial Drug......Page 415 CHAPTER 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection, Disease, and Epidemiology......Page 421 Contact, Colonization, Infection, Disease......Page 422 Resident Microbiota: The Human as a Habitat......Page 423 Colonizers of the Human Skin......Page 425 Microbial Residents of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 426 Inhabitants of the Respiratory Tract......Page 427 Microbiota of the Genitourinary Tract......Page 428 13.2 Major Factors in the Development of an Infection......Page 429 Becoming Established: Phase One—Portals of Entry......Page 431 Invading the Host and Becoming Established: Phase Three......Page 434 The Stages of Clinical Infections......Page 439 Patterns of Infection......Page 440 Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease......Page 441 The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host......Page 442 13.4 Origins and Transmission Patterns of Infectious Microbes......Page 443 Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist......Page 444 The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents......Page 446 Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease......Page 448 Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions......Page 449 Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population......Page 450 CHAPTER 14 An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities......Page 459 Barriers at the Portal of Entry: An Inborn First Line of Defense......Page 460 14.2 Structure and Function of the Organs of Defense and Immunity......Page 462 Compartments and Connections of the Immune System......Page 463 The Stages of Inflammation......Page 472 Phagocytosis: Partner to Inflammation and Immunity......Page 478 Interferon: Antiviral Cytokines and Immune Stimulants......Page 480 Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade......Page 481 An Outline of Major Host Defenses......Page 482 CHAPTER 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization......Page 487 Development of the Immune Response System......Page 488 Characteristics of Antigens and Immunogens......Page 494 The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation......Page 496 B-Cell Responses......Page 498 Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)......Page 503 2. Natural Passive Immunity: Mother to Child......Page 507 Artificial Immunity: Immunization......Page 508 15.6 Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes......Page 509 Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination......Page 510 Development of New Vaccines......Page 511 Routes of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines......Page 514 To Vaccinate: Why, Whom, and When?......Page 515 CHAPTER 16 Disorders in Immunity......Page 521 Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity......Page 522 16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis......Page 523 The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry......Page 524 Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation......Page 525 Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms......Page 526 Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast-Cell-Mediated Allergy......Page 528 Diagnosis of Allergy......Page 529 Treatment and Prevention of Allergy......Page 530 The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types......Page 532 Antibodies against A and B Antigens......Page 533 The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance......Page 534 Other RBC Antigens......Page 535 Mechanisms of Immune Complex Diseases......Page 536 Type IV Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity......Page 537 T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation......Page 539 Practical Examples in Transplantation......Page 540 The Origins of Autoimmune Disease......Page 541 Examples of Autoimmune Disease......Page 542 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases......Page 544 16.8 The Function of the Immune System in Cancer......Page 546 CHAPTER 17 Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infections......Page 552 Immunologic Methods......Page 553 On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection......Page 554 Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen......Page 556 Cultivation of Specimen......Page 557 Roles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Ribosomal RNA in Identification......Page 559 General Features of Immune Testing......Page 560 Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions......Page 562 The Western Blot for Detecting Proteins......Page 563 Complement Fixation......Page 564 Fluorescent Antibody and Immunofluorescent Testing......Page 565 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)......Page 567 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay......Page 568 17.6 Viruses as a Special Diagnostic Case......Page 569 CHAPTER 18 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance......Page 574 Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus......Page 575 The Scope of Staphylococcal Disease......Page 576 Other Important Staphylococci......Page 579 Identification of Staphylococcus Isolates in Clinical Samples......Page 580 Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal Infections......Page 581 Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes......Page 583 Laboratory Identification Techniques......Page 588 Treatment and Prevention of Group A, B, and D Streptococcal Infections......Page 589 Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Pneumococcus......Page 590 18.3 The Family Neisseriaceae: Gram-Negative Cocci......Page 593 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Gonococcus......Page 594 Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus......Page 597 Other Genera of Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli......Page 599 CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance......Page 604 General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus......Page 605 The Genus Clostridium......Page 608 An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes......Page 616 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A Zoonotic Pathogen......Page 617 Corynebacterium diphtheriae......Page 618 The Genus Propionibacterium......Page 619 19.5 Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli......Page 620 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Tubercle Bacillus......Page 621 Mycobacterium leprae: The Leprosy Bacillus......Page 625 Infections by Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM)......Page 628 Actinomycosis......Page 629 Nocardiosis......Page 630 CHAPTER 20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance......Page 634 Pseudomonas: The Pseudomonads......Page 635 20.2 Related Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods......Page 638 Francisella tularensis and Tularemia......Page 639 Bordetella pertussis and Relatives......Page 640 Legionella and Legionellosis......Page 641 20.3 Identification and Differential Characteristics of Family Enterobacteriaceae......Page 643 Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors......Page 646 Escherichia coli: The Most Prevalent Enteric Bacillus......Page 647 Other Coliforms......Page 648 True Enteric Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella......Page 650 Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague......Page 654 Haemophilus: The Blood-Loving Bacilli......Page 657 CHAPTER 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease......Page 662 Treponemes: Members of the Genus Treponema......Page 663 Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes......Page 668 21.2 Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria and Enteric Diseases......Page 671 The Biology of Vibrio cholerae......Page 672 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: Pathogens Carried by Seafood......Page 673 Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios......Page 674 Helicobacter pylori: Gastric Pathogen......Page 675 21.3 Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology......Page 676 Specific Rickettsioses......Page 677 Coxiella and Bartonella: Other Vector-Borne Pathogens......Page 680 Other Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae......Page 681 Biological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas......Page 685 The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues......Page 686 Soft-Tissue and Periodontal Disease......Page 687 Factors in Dental Disease......Page 689 CHAPTER 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance......Page 694 Primary or True Fungal Pathogens......Page 695 Emerging Fungal Pathogens......Page 696 Pathogenesis of the Fungi......Page 697 Control of Mycotic Infections......Page 698 Systemic Infections by True Pathogens......Page 700 The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener’s Disease......Page 706 Mycetoma: A Complex Disfiguring Syndrome......Page 707 Characteristics of Dermatophytes......Page 708 22.5 Superficial Mycoses......Page 710 Infections by Candida: Candidiasis......Page 711 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcosis......Page 713 Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci and Pneumocystis Pneumonia......Page 714 Zygomycosis......Page 715 Miscellaneous Opportunists......Page 716 22.7 Fungal Allergies and Intoxications......Page 717 CHAPTER 23 The Parasites of Medical Importance......Page 721 Infective Amoebas......Page 722 23.3 The Flagellates (Mastigophorans)......Page 726 Giardia intestinalis and Giardiasis......Page 727 Hemoflagellates: Vector-Borne Blood Parasites......Page 728 Plasmodium: The Agent of Malaria......Page 732 Coccidian Parasites......Page 735 General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases......Page 738 Pathology of Helminth Infestation......Page 739 Elements of Diagnosis and Control......Page 741 Intestinal Nematodes (Cycle A)......Page 742 Intestinal Helminths (Cycle B)......Page 743 Tissue Nematodes......Page 745 Blood Flukes: Schistosomes (Cycle D)......Page 747 Liver and Lung Flukes (Cycle D)......Page 748 Cestode (Tapeworm) Infections (Cycle C)......Page 749 23.8 The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease......Page 750 CHAPTER 24 Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses......Page 758 Important Medical Considerations in Viral Diseases......Page 759 Overview of DNA Viruses......Page 760 Classification and Structure of Poxviruses......Page 761 Other Poxvirus Diseases......Page 762 24.3 Enveloped DNA Viruses: The Herpesviruses......Page 763 The Spectrum of Herpes Infection and Disease......Page 764 The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 766 The Cytomegalovirus Group......Page 768 Epstein-Barr Virus......Page 769 Diseases of Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8......Page 771 24.4 The Viral Agents of Hepatitis......Page 772 Hepatitis B Virus and Disease......Page 773 24.5 Nonenveloped DNA Viruses......Page 775 Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses......Page 776 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: The Parvoviruses......Page 778 CHAPTER 25 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans......Page 782 The Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza......Page 783 Other Viruses with a Segmented Genome: Bunyaviruses and Arenaviruses......Page 787 Paramyxoviruses......Page 789 Rhabdoviruses......Page 792 Rubivirus: The Agent of Rubella......Page 794 Hepatitis C Virus......Page 795 Epidemiology of Arbovirus Disease......Page 796 General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections......Page 797 Causative Agent......Page 798 Epidemiology of HIV Infection......Page 799 Stages, Signs, and Symptoms of HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 802 Diagnosis of HIV Infection......Page 803 Treating HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 805 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses......Page 806 Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses......Page 807 Reoviruses: Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses......Page 812 25.7 Prions and Spongiform Encephalopathies......Page 813 Prevention and/or Treatment......Page 814 CHAPTER 26 Environmental Microbiology......Page 819 The Organization of Ecosystems......Page 820 26.2 Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems......Page 821 Ecological Interactions between Organisms in a Community......Page 823 26.3 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements......Page 824 Atmospheric Cycles......Page 825 Sedimentary Cycles......Page 828 26.4 Terrestrial Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere......Page 831 The Hydrologic Cycle......Page 832 The Structure of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 833 CHAPTER 27 Applied and Industrial Microbiology......Page 842 Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment......Page 843 27.2 The Microbiology of Food......Page 845 Production of Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverages......Page 846 Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products......Page 848 Microorganisms as Food......Page 849 27.4 Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases......Page 850 Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage......Page 851 27.5 General Concepts in Industrial Microbiology......Page 855 Substance Production......Page 856 APPENDIX A......Page 864 APPENDIX B......Page 868 APPENDIX C......Page 870 APPENDIX D......Page 874 APPENDIX E......Page 884 APPENDIX F......Page 886 Glossary......Page 888 Credits......Page 906 Index......Page 910