بنیادها و فرصت‌های بیومتریک: مقدمه‌ای بر فناوری، کاربردها و مسئولیت‌ها

Biometrics are used in many situations of our daily lives, but we still don’t fully understand the way they work and what potential lies behind them. This book covers a fascinating and broad area that impacts everyone, not only companies involved in deep-tech. Over the past decades, biometrics have made their way into our daily lives after being first limited to science fiction and later expensive high-tech applications. With the widespread use of smartphones and other technological gadgets we interact with on a daily basis, the ability to collect and use biometric signals has become ubiquitous. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the type of biometric signals that are being used, how they are implemented, and what their limitations are. With technology being more relevant in all aspects of life, it’s more important for people who make decisions in their business to understand the opportunities and limitations of biometric use. This book will guide the readerthrough the history of biometric technology, including initial applications of the technology, and reflect on how pop culture like science fiction media has influenced the way we look at biometrics and shaped our expectations and fears. It also covers real-world applications and how they work. This book provides foundational information that will help readers understand how they can use biometrics in their everyday life and assess their ability to disrupt existing business processes and models. What You Will Learn How Biometrics have evolved over time and the main drivers for them being disruptive. The scope and limitations of various types of biometrics. Foundational knowledge to lead the conversation about biometrics within your company. An analysis of BMD sources that remain stable over time. Develop an analytical understanding of accuracy, precision and errors and understand how the various uses of BMD rate within these contexts. Who This Book Is for This book is aimed at people who have an interest in technology, but perhaps aren’t very technical themselves. It focuses on business leaders, product managers, product designers, etc. who want to understand the opportunities biometrics offer to their customers and how to implement them in a useful and effective way. Table of Contents About the Authors About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Laying the Foundation Chapter 1: The Growing Use of Biometrics Biometrics in Film and Literature Fingerprint Analysis Facial Recognition Voice Identification and Analysis Iris and Retina Scan First Uses of Biometrics Early Historical Use Use in Recent History Biometrics in Our Lives Today Where We Encounter Biometrics Cameras in Public Spaces Purpose of Cameras in Public Spaces Personal Devices Biometrics at Home Video-Enabled Doorbells Smart Devices How Biometrics Became So Ubiquitous It Starts with the Sensors Processing Power Is More Readily Available Bandwidth and Connectivity Summary Chapter 2: What Are Biometrics? What Is Biometric Data? Traits and Features What Is Biometric Data Used For? Types of Problems Solved Using Biometrics Who Are You? One to One Matching One to Many Many to One How Are You? Personal Record Keeping Medical Analysis Sentiment Analysis Are You Real? Identifying the Problem Being Addressed The Journey of Biometric Data Signal Acquisition (Collection) Signal Processing and Feature Extraction Data Storage Comparison and Matching Decision-Making Action Adaption Summary Chapter 3: Adversarial Behavior—Attack and Defense Attacks—Bad Actions Make Bad Actions More Expensive Time—Expertise—Equipment General Types of Attacks Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Attack Biometrics Examples of Attacks Against Biometrics Stolen Biometric Data Artificially Created Information Potential Future Threats Defense Layered Approach Liveness The Utopia to Keep Biometrics Secret Goal to Check for Liveness Unimodal Multimodal Active Liveness Passive Liveness Summary Part II: Sources of Biometric Signals Chapter 4: Physiological Characteristics Fingerprints What Are They? What Are Some Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Fingerprints? In What Contexts Are They Used? How Does It Work? Interesting Details About Fingerprints Iris What Are They? In What Contexts Are They Used? How Does It Work? Interesting Details About Irises Retina What Are They? In What Contexts Are They Used? How Does It Work? DNA What Is It? In What Contexts Is It Used? How Does It Work? Interesting Details About DNA Summary Chapter 5: Variable Human Characteristics—Face What Characteristics Make the Face a Suitable Biometric Trait? In What Contexts Are They Used? How Does It Work? Strengths and Weaknesses of Facial biometrics Strengths of Facial Biometrics Weaknesses of Facial Biometrics Search Engines for Faces Face Search for Law Enforcement Face Search for Consumers Accuracy and False Positives Good Intentions Summary Chapter 6: Behavioral Characteristics Typing Patterns How Does It Work? In What Contexts Are They Used? Limitations Privacy and Legal Risks Walking Patterns/Gait Recognition How Does It Work? Limitations In What Contexts Are They Used? Other Movement and Behavior Detection of Device Possession Change Concept Drift Prevalence of Use Summary Chapter 7: Voice What Characteristics Make Voice a Suitable Biometric Trait? How Voice Is Captured Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses In What Contexts Are They Used? Smart Speakers Environmental Factors How Does the Aging Voice Impact Its Use as a Biometric Signal? Risks and Attack Methods Summary Part III: Critical Analysis Chapter 8: How Do We Judge Accuracy? What Does It Mean to Be Correct? What Is an Error? Sensitivity Specificity Type I and Type II Errors Performance of Various Methods The Layers of Quality The Difficulty of Comparing Biometrics Fingerprint Voice Recognition Facial Recognition Summary Chapter 9: Challenges and Responsibilities Matching of Biometrics Is Probabilistic in Nature Consequences of Errors Identify the Risk of Getting It Wrong Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Decision Analysis/Decision Trees Statistical Significance and Confidence Intervals Monte Carlo Simulations Scenario Planning Are Biometrics the End of Privacy? It Depends Common Concerns About Privacy Situational Compartmentalization Racial Bias in Biometrics It’s Not Just the Technology Lack of Diversity in Training Data Consent to Collect Biometric Data for Training Purposes Accessibility Risks of Collecting and Storing Data Responsibilities Gather Informed Consent and Provide Transparency Prioritize Data Security and Privacy Ensure Accuracy Limit to Ethically Defensible Use Compliance and Legal Considerations Accountability and User Education Summary Chapter 10: Usability and Practicality How Usable Is the Product? Availability: Do People Have Access to the Technology They Need? Practicality Environment Let There Be Light (or Not) Noise Clothing Did You Know? Usability Every Terminal Is Different Using Common User Experience Patterns Example Scenario: Replace a PIN with a Fingerprint Intent Showing and Detecting Intent Unlocking a Smartphone Approving a Payment Difficulty of Showing and Assessing Intent Home Assistants with Displays Terminals with Face Recognition in Public Places Lack of Intent Reasonable Expectations Summary Conclusion Laying the Foundation Sources of Biometrics Critical Analysis Implications and Recommendations Closing Remarks Index