Forty studies that changed psychology : explorations into the history of psychological research

Cover 1 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Preface 12 Chapter I : The Biological Basis of Human Behavior 20 Reading 1: One Brain or Two? 20 Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24–29. 20 Theoretical Propositions 22 Method 23 Results 24 Visual Abilities 24 Tactile Abilities 25 Visual Plus Tactile Tests 25 Discussion 27 Significance of Findings 27 Criticisms 28 Recent Applications 29 Conclusion 30 Reading 2: More Experience = Bigger Brain 31 Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1972). Brain changes in response to experience. Scientific American, 226(2), 22–29. 31 Theoretical Propositions 31 Method 32 Results 33 Discussion and Criticisms 34 Related Research and Recent Applications 36 Conclusion 37 Reading 3: Are You a “Natural”? 38 Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., McGue, M., Segal, N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223–229. 38 Theoretical Propositions 40 Method 40 Participants 40 Procedure 41 Results 41 Discussion and Implications of Findings 42 Criticisms and Related Research 44 Recent Applications 45 Reading 4: Watch Out for the Visual Cliff! 46 Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960). The “visual cliff.” Scientific American, 202(4), 67–71. 46 Theoretical Propositions 47 Method 48 Results and Discussion 49 Criticisms and Subsequent Research 51 Recent Applications 52 Conclusion 52 Chapter II : Consciousness and the Senses 54 Reading 5: Take a Long Look 55 Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origin of form perception. Scientific American, 204(May), 61–72. 55 Theoretical Propositions 55 Method 56 Results 57 Subsequent Research and Recent Applications 59 Reading 6: To Sleep, No Doubt to Dream . . . 61 Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye mobility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 118, 273–274. Dement, W. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705–1707. 61 Theoretical Propositions 62 Method Drastic 63 Results 64 Discussion 65 Significance of the Findings and Subsequent Research 66 Recent Applications 67 Conclusion 67 Reading 7: As a Category, It’s a Natural 68 Rosch, Eleanor H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 328–350. 68 Theoretical Propositions 69 Method 70 Participants 70 Color Stimuli 70 Procedure 71 Results 71 Discussion 73 Subsequent Research 73 Recent Applications 74 Reading 8: Acting as If You are Hypnotized 76 Spanos, N. P. (1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social, psychological perspective. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 7, 199–213. 76 Theoretical Propositions 77 Method 77 Results and Discussion 77 The Belief that Behavior is Involuntary 78 Creation of Expectations in Hypnotic Participants 79 Implications of the Findings 81 Recent Applications 82 Conclusion 83 Chapter III : Conditioning and Learning 84 Reading 9: It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs! 84 Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press. 84 Theoretical Propositions 86 Method and Results 87 Significance of the Findings 88 Related Research and Recent Applications 89 Conclusion 90 Reading 10: Little Emotional Albert 91 Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14. 91 Theoretical Propositions 92 Method and Results 92 Discussion and Significance of Findings 94 Questions and Criticisms 95 Recent Applications 96 Reading 11: Knock Wood! 97 Skinner, B. F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168–172. 97 Theoretical Propositions 99 Method 99 Results 100 Discussion 101 Criticisms and Subsequent Research 102 Recent Applications 102 Conclusion 103 Reading 12: See Aggression . . . Do Aggression! 104 Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575–582. 104 Theoretical Propositions 105 Method 106 Participants 106 Experimental Conditions 106 The Experimental Procedure 106 Arousal of Anger or Frustration 107 Test for Imitation of Aggression 107 Measures of Aggression 107 Results 108 Discussion 109 Subsequent Research 109 Recent Applications 110 Conclusion 111 Chapter IV : Cognition, Memory, and Intelligence 112 Reading 13: What You Expect is What You Get 112 Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1966). Teachers’ expectancies: Determinates of pupils’ IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115–118. 112 Theoretical Propositions 114 Method 114 Results 115 Discussion 116 Significance of Findings and Subsequent Research 117 Recent Applications 118 Reading 14: Just How are You Intelligent? 119 Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. 119 Theoretical Propositions 120 Method 121 Results 123 Linguistic Intelligence 123 Musical Intelligence 124 Logical-Mathematical Intelligence 124 Spatial Intelligence 124 Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence 125 Intrapersonal Intelligence 125 Interpersonal Intelligence 125 Subsequent Research and Criticisms 126 Recent Applications 127 Conclusion 128 Reading 15: Maps in Your Mind 129 Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55, 189–208. 129 Theoretical Propositions 129 Method and Results 130 Discussion 133 Subsequent Research and Recent Applications 134 Reading 16: Thanks for the Memories! 136 Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560–572. 136 Theoretical Propositions 137 Method and Results 138 Experiment 1 138 Experiment 2 138 Experiment 3 139 Experiment 4 139 Discussion 140 Recent Applications 142 Conclusion 143 Chapter V : Changes Over the Human Lifespan 145 Reading 17: Discovering Love 145 Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673–685. 145 Theoretical Propositions 146 Method 147 Results 148 Discussion 150 Criticisms and Significance of the Findings 150 Recent Applications 152 Conclusion 153 Reading 18: Out of Sight, But Not Out of Mind 153 Piaget, J. (1954). The development of object concept. In J. Piaget, The construction of reality in the child (pp. 3–96). New York: Basic Books. 153 Theoretical Propositions 154 Method and Results 156 Discussion 159 Criticisms and Recent Applications 160 Conclusion 161 Reading 19: How Moral are You? 162 Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children’s orientations toward a moral order: Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6, 11–33. 162 Theoretical Propositions 163 Method 163 Results 164 Discussion 166 Criticisms and Recent Applications 167 Conclusion 169 Reading 20: In Control and Glad of It! 169 Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191–198. 169 Theoretical Propositions 171 Method 171 Participants 171 Procedure 171 Measuring the Outcomes 172 Results 173 Discussion 174 Significance of Findings and Subsequent Research 174 Recent Applications 175 Conclusion 176 Chapter VI : Motivation and Emotion 177 Reading 21: A Sexual Motivation 177 Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown 177 Theoretical Propositions 179 Method 179 Participants 179 Procedures 180 Participant Orientation and Comfort 181 Results 181 The Sexual Response Cycle 182 Sexual Anatomy 182 Female and Male Differences in Sexual Response 183 Criticisms 184 Recent Applications 185 Conclusions 186 Reading 22: I Can See It All Over Your Face! 187 Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124–129. 187 Theoretical Propositions 188 Method 188 Results 190 Discussion 191 Implications of the Research 191 Recent Applications 192 Conclusion 193 Reading 23: Watching Your Emotions? 194 Ross, P. (2003, August 11). Mind readers. Scientific American, 289(3), 74–77. 194 Theoretical Propositions 196 Method 196 Results 197 Significance of the Findings 197 Recent Applications 198 Conclusion 199 Reading 24: Thoughts Out of Tune 200 Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203–210. 200 Theoretical Propositions 201 Method 201 Results 203 Discussion 204 Questions and Criticisms 204 Recent Applications 205 Conclusion 207 Chapter VII : Personality 208 Reading 25: Are You the Master of Your Fate? 209 Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28. 209 Theoretical Propositions 210 Method 210 Results 211 Gambling 211 Persuasion 212 Smoking 212 Achievement Motivation 212 Conformity 212 Discussion 212 Subsequent Research 213 Recent Applications 214 Conclusion 216 Reading 26: Masculine or Feminine . . . or Both? 217 Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162. 217 Theoretical Propositions 219 Method 219 Item Selection 219 Masculine = less than –1.00 Scoring 221 Results 222 Reliability of the BSRI 222 Validity of the BSRI 222 Discussion 223 Criticisms and Subsequent Research 224 Recent Applications 225 Conclusion 226 Reading 27: Racing Against Your Heart 227 Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R. H. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior patternwith blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 169, 1286–1296. 227 Theoretical Propositions 227 Method 228 Results 229 Discussion of Findings 231 Significance of the Research and Subsequent Findings 232 Recent Applications 232 Conclusion 233 Reading 28: The One, the Many 234 Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323–338. 234 Theoretical Propositions 236 Method 237 Study 1 238 Study 2 238 Study 3 239 Discussion 240 Significance of the Findings and Related Research 240 Recent Applications 242 Conclusion 242 Chapter VIII : Psychological Disorders 244 Reading 29: Who’s Crazy Here, Anyway? 244 Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250–258. 244 Theoretical Propositions 246 Method 246 Results 247 Discussion 248 Significance of Findings 249 Questions and Criticisms 250 Recent Applications 251 Conclusion 252 Reading 30: You’re Getting Defensive Again! 252 Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press. 252 Theoretical Propositions 253 Method 255 Results and Discussion 255 Repression 255 Regression 256 Projection 256 Reaction Formation 257 Sublimation 257 Implications and Recent Applications 258 Conclusion 259 Reading 31: Learning To Be Depressed 259 Seligman, M. E. P., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1–9. 259 Theoretical Propositions 260 Method 261 Results 262 Discussion 263 Subsequent Research 263 Recent Applications 264 Conclusion 265 Reading 32: Crowding into the Behavioral Sink 266 Calhoun, J. B. (1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific American, 206(3), 139–148. 266 Theoretical Propositions 267 Method 268 Results 269 Discussion 271 Significance of Findings 271 Criticisms 272 Recent Applications 273 Conclusion 274 Chapter IX : Therapy 275 Reading 33: Choosing your Psychotherapist 275 Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.American Psychologist, 32, 752–760. 275 Theoretical Propositions 276 Method 277 Results 277 Discussion 278 Implications and Subsequent Research 279 Recent Applications 279 Conclusion 280 Reading 34: Relaxing Your Fears Away 281 Wolpe, J. (1961). The systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 132, 180–203. 281 Theoretical Propositions 282 Method 283 Relaxation Training 283 Construction of an Anxiety Hierarchy 284 Desensitization 284 Results 285 Discussion 286 Subsequent Research and Recent Applications 286 Conclusion 288 Reading 35: Projections of Who You Are 288 Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on perception. New York: Grune & Stratton. 288 Theoretical Propositions 289 Method 290 Development of the Test 290 Administration and Scoring 290 Results 291 Discussion 293 Criticisms and Subsequent Research 293 Recent Applications 294 Conclusion 294 Reading 36: Picture This! 295 Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality (pp. 531–545). New York: Oxford University Press. 295 Theoretical Propositions 296 Method 296 Results and Discussion 298 Criticisms and Related Research 299 Recent Applications 300 Conclusion 301 Chapter X : Human Interaction and Social Behavior 303 Reading 37: A Prison by Any Other Name . . . 304 Zimbardo, P. G. (1972). The pathology of imprisonment. Society, 9(6), 4–8. Haney, C., Banks, W. C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulatedprison. International Journal of Criminology & Penology, 1, 69–97. 304 Theoretical Propositions 304 Method 305 Setting 305 Participants 306 Procedure 306 Results 307 Recent Applications 309 Conclusion 311 Reading 38: The Power of Conformity 311 Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193(5), 31–35. 311 Theoretical Propositions 312 Method 312 Results 313 Discussion and Related Research 314 Criticisms 315 Recent Applications 315 Reading 39: To Help or Not to Help 316 Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377–383. 316 Theoretical Propositions 318 Method 318 Results 319 Discussion 320 Significance of the Findings 321 Subsequent Findings and Recent Applications 323 Conclusion 324 Reading 40: Obey At Any Cost? 325 Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371–378. 325 Theoretical Propositions 326 Method 326 Results 328 Discussion 330 Significance of the Findings 331 Criticisms 331 Recent Applications 332 Conclusion 333 Author Index 335 Subject Index 340 The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed. Forty studies that helped shape the field of Psychology Roger Hock's Forty Studies provides a glimpse of the science of psychology, unraveling the complexities of human nature. Hock summarises some of the most influential studies in psychological history studies, and guides the reader through a thoughtful interpretation of the results and why the study is considered so important. This book provides a more in-depth look and analyses that cannot be found by reading a textbook or research alone. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers will: Gain background knowledge of the complexities in the psychology field. Learn about detailed studies in an easy, understandable manner. Understand scientific research, through closer examination of major topics. Overview: Forty Studies That Help Shape Psychology. Roger Hock's Forty Studies Provides A Glimpse Of The Science Of Psychology, Unraveling The Complexities Of Human Nature. This Book Provides A More In-depth Look And Analyses That Cannot Be Found By Reading A Textbook Or Research Alone. It Has The Original Studies, Research & Analysis About The Most Famous Studies In Psychological History. Learning Goals. Upon Completing This Book, Readers Will: Gain Background Knowledge Of The Complexities In The Psychology Field. - Learn About Detailed Studies In An Easy, Understandable Manner. - Understand Scientific Research, Through Closer Examination Of Major Topics. Biology And Human Behavior -- Perception And Consciousness -- Learning And Conditioning -- Intelligence, Cognition, And Memory -- Human Development -- Emotion And Motivation -- Personality -- Psychopathology -- Psychotherapy -- Social Psychology. Roger R. Hock. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Welcome to the seventh edition of Forty Studies that Changed Psychology. For over 20 years this book has been a mainstay for many college and high school courses around the world and has been translated into six languages. The majority of the studies included in this edition are the same ones that made up a large part of the first edition. This demonstrates how these landmark studies continue today to exert their influence over psychological thought and research. These original studies and the ones that have been added or changed over the years provide a fascinating glimpse into the birth and growth of the science of psychology, and into the insights we have acquired trying to unravel the complexities of human nature "Roger Hock's Forty Studies provides a glimpse of the science of psychology, unraveling the complexities of human nature. Hock summarizes some of the most influential studies in psychological history studies, and guides the reader through a thoughtful interpretation of the results and why the study is considered so important. This book provides a more in-depth look and analyses that cannot be found by reading a textbook or research alone. This book examines 40 studies that influenced psychological thought. An introduction to psychology, history and systems in psychology, and research methods."-- Publisher's description Forty studies that helped shape the field of Psychology Roger Hock's Forty Studies provides a glimpse of the science of psychology, unraveling the complexities of human nature. Hock summarizes some of the most influential studies in psychological history studies, and guides the reader through a thoughtful interpretation of the results and why the study is considered so important. This book provides a more in-depth look and analyses that cannot be found by reading a textbook or research alone. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers will: Gain background knowledge of the