Forty studies that changed criminal justice : explorations into the history of criminal justice research

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. An authoritative review of foundational research in criminal justice. Forty Studies that Changed Criminal Justice, 2e presents a thorough yet concise summary of the major and influential research studies in the field of criminal justice. Knowledge in criminal justice is developed with research, yet introductory textbooks fail to offer more than cursory synopses of the significant empirical studies that established the foundation of the discipline. This book provides a rich understanding of important research published in each of the three general areas of criminal justice: policing, courts, and corrections. More than a just collection of original published articles, the text is a summary of studies that have shaped the criminal justice system. Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 10 Preface 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 26 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 28 Part I: Police 32 Chapter 1 POLICE BEHAVIOR 35 Police Personality: Are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us? 35 Police Styles: Why Are There Differences in Police Behavior Across Communities? 43 Police Officer Socialization: Why Are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us? 53 Chapter 2 POLICE DISCRETION 62 Police Officers’ Use of Discretion: What Influences Police Decision-Making? 63 The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment: Does Arrest Deter Crime? 71 Chapter 3 POLICE OPERATIONS 79 The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Can the Police Prevent Crime and Make Us Feel Safe? 80 Patrol Staffing: Which Is Better, One- or Two-Officer Patrol Units? 86 The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment: Should the Police Patrol in Cars or on Foot? 93 The Rand Study of Investigation: Do Detectives Really Solve Crimes? 101 Chapter 4 THE POLICE ROLE 109 Problem-Oriented Policing: Can the Police Fix the Underlying Problems Responsible for Crime? 109 Broken Windows: Does Urban Blight Lead to Crime? 120 Chapter 5 POLICE USE OF FORCE 128 Deadly Force: What Explains the Variation in Police Shootings Across Departments? 129 Police Use of Force: What Explains Police Use of Non-Deadly Force Against the Public? 138 Chapter 6 FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS 145 Female Police Officers: Do Female Officers Perform as Well as Male Officers? 146 Part II: Courts 156 Chapter 1 PRE-CONVICTION DISPOSITIONS 158 Barriers to Pretrial Release: Are Suspects Punished Before Guilt Is Determined? 159 Prosecutors’ Use of Discretion in Decision-Making: Do Prosecutors Consider Extralegal Factors in Their Decisions? 169 Chapter 2 THE GUILTY PLEA PROCESS 177 “Going Rate” Sentences for Defendants Who Plead Guilty: How Do Attorneys Use the Penal Code in case processing? 177 The Defense Attorney’s Role in Plea Bargaining: Are Defendants Pressured by Their Own Attorneys to Plead Guilty? 185 Organizational Differences in Case Processing Across Courts: How Does Court “Culture” Influence Case Processing? 193 Procedural Injustices and Due Process Violations in Court: What Influences Defendants’ Cynicism Toward the Legal Process? 203 Chapter 3 THE JURY TRIAL 213 Jury Decision-Making: Why Do Juries and Judges Sometimes Disagree? 213 The Insanity Defense: Are Jurors Able to Understand Different Legal Rules for Establishing a Defendant’s Criminal Responsibility? 222 Chapter 4 SENTENCING 231 Judicial Discretion in Sentencing Decisions: Do Judges Discriminate Against Individuals of Lower Socioeconomic Status? 232 Judges’ Assessments of an Offender’s Risk for Future Criminality: Are Sentences Affected by Stereotypes of “Dangerous Offenders”? 241 Sentencing Guidelines: Can a Sentencing Scheme Be Developed to Reduce Inequities in Prison Sentences? 250 Chapter 5 WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS 261 Wrongful Convictions in Death Penalty Cases: What Are the Extent and Impact of Executing Innocent Persons? 262 Part III: Corrections 272 Chapter 1 CORRECTIONAL GOALS 275 The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: Can Criminals Be Rehabilitated? 276 Capital Punishment: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder? 284 Selective Incapacitation: Can Crime Be Reduced Without Increasing Prison Populations? 292 Collective Incapacitation: Does Incarceration Reduce the Costs of Crime? 300 Chapter 2 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 307 Felony Probation: Is It Safe to Put Felons on Probation? 307 Parole Prediction: Is It Possible to Predict Who Will Succeed or Fail on Parole? 318 Chapter 3 INMATE SUBCULTURES 329 Inmate Social Networks: How Do Inmates Become Socialized into a Prison Culture? 329 The “Pains of Imprisonment”: How Do Inmates Adapt to Imprisonment? 340 Female Inmate Subcultures: Are Female Inmates’ Experiences Different from the Experiences of Male Inmates? 348 Inmate Race Relations: Do Prison Subcultures Differ by an Inmate’s Race? 360 Chapter 4 INMATE VIOLENCE 373 Inmate Victimization: Are Prisons Safe for Inmates? 374 Prison Riots: What Causes Inmates to Riot? 383 Chapter 5 CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS 392 The Stanford Prison Experiment: What Explains the Coercive Behavior of Prison Guards? 393 Correctional Officers’ Use of Force: How Do Officers Use Physical Force to Control Inmates? 405